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History of the 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 

Athens, Georgia 


E. S. SELL, B. S. A., M. S. Agr. 
Professor of Agriculture and Rural Social Science 



1923 




LB/ 9 5*5" 

AzzAJ- 


library of congress 

RECEIVED 

DEC 11 1924 


DOCUMENTS DIVISION 





e/h/sr 


“Your committee feel warranted in consider¬ 
ing the subject of education, the noblest and 
most important that can engage the attention 
of the law-giver. It lies, in truth, at the basis 
of the whole solid system. It affects not only 
the individual happiness, the character and use¬ 
fulness of those who are its objects, but it ex¬ 
erts a most powerful and irresistible influence 
upon the government, the laws and the liberties 
of the communities. No nation, when the ma¬ 
jority of the people is well educated, can re¬ 
main enslaved; no nation, when the great mass 
is ignorant, can retain its freedom. In propor¬ 
tion to the general intelligence will be the 
force, the wealth and the influence of the 
State; and the State will be respected in the 
exact ratio of the instructed talent it can bring 
into its negotiations.” 

From a resolution adopted by the General 
Assembly of Georgia, December 22nd, 1831. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS 


1923 

B. S. MILLER, Columbus, Ga_President 

MRS. J. E. HAYES, Montezuma, Ga_Vice-President 

Members Ex-Officio 

CLIFFORD M. WALKER, Governor of Georgia-Atlanta 

N. H. BALLARD, State Superintendent of Schools-Atlanta 

DAVID C. BARROW, Chancellor Univ. of Georgia_Athens 

Members-at-Large 

MRS. W. W. STARK_._Commerce 

MRS. J. E. HAYES_Montezuma 

Members City of Athens 

A. H. DAVISON_Athens 

MRS. JULIA ASHTON WHITE_Athens 

Members Representing Trustees of University of Georgia 

JUDGE LOYD CLEVELAND_Griffin 

H. J. ROWE_Athens 

C. M. CANDLER_ Decatur 

Members Representing Congressional Districts 

First District—Joseph W. Smith_Reidsville 

Second District—W. V. Custer_Bainbridge 

Third District—J. M. Collum_Putnam 

Fourth District—B. S. Miller_Columbus 

Fifth District—Mrs. Howard H. McCall_Atlanta 

Sixth District—Frank F. Jones_Macon 

Seventh District—Mrs. Annie Freeman Johnson_Rome 

Eighth District—S. B. Yow_Lavonia 

Ninth District—L. M. Brand_Lawrenceville 

Tenth District—Mrs. Ira E. Farmer_Thomson 

Eleventh District—Jerome Crawley_Waycross 

Twelfth District—Judge W. W. Larsen_Dublin 


Secretary and Treasurer 


G. A. Mell 


Athens 
























PREFACE 


At the suggestion of Hon. B. S. Miller, president of the Board 
of Trustees, Professor F. A. Merrill was authorized by the 
Board at its meeting in May, 1917, to prepare a history of the 
State Normal School. Professor Merrill left the School shortly 
after this time to go into the service of the Government for 
special work during the war and never completed the task. 
The Board at its meeting in 1922, authorized the writer to pre¬ 
pare the history. It has been done under the direction of Hon. 
B. S. Miller, who has from time to time given most valuable 
aid in making the history complete. All of the suitable ma¬ 
terial belonging to the School and the files of The Athens Ban¬ 
ner as far back as 1891 have been freely consulted. 

The State Normal School has never been able to accommodate 
all of the students that have applied for admission. This has 
been largely due to the fact that the graduates of this institu¬ 
tion have been, on the whole, very successful in their chosen 
profession; the dormitory space as well as the recitation rooms 
have never been adequate; and the authorities have always 
tried to keep the expenses of the students reduced to a min¬ 
imum. 

Individuals have been generous in financing the needs of 
the School but the State might wisely have made larger appro¬ 
priations in order that a greater number of trained teachers 
could be prepared for the common schools of the State. Friends 
of the School have given far more for buildings and equip¬ 
ment than the State has given for this purpose. 

The State of Georgia appropriates one-half of its revenue, 
or approximately four and one-half million dollars for the 
common schools. This large expenditure of money cannot re¬ 
sult in the greatest good, unless our rural schools can be sup¬ 
plied with adequately trained teachers. 

The author is grateful to Mr. F. A. Lipscomb for the use of 
some very valuable scrap books that belonged to his mother, 
and to Mr. Lawton B. Evans, Judge J. D. Bradwell, Mr. E. C. 
Branson, Mr. Jere M. Pound and Hon. B. S. Miller for furnish¬ 
ing facts and suggestions that have aided in the preparation of 
this little volue. The writer is indebted to Professor P. F. 
Brown for aid in reading the proof. 

Athens, Georgia. E. S. SELL. 

February 1, 1923. 


INTRODUCTION 


In the evolution of the American Public School System it 
was many years before provision was made for the technical 
training of teachers. For a long period these were selected by 
reason of their academic training in colleges or “academies/’ 
‘ 4 Teachers’ Institutes” were not infrequently held, as volun¬ 
tary assemblages of the teachers themselves for mutual coun¬ 
sel and improvement. In 1820 a “Teachers’ Training School” 
was established in Philadelphia as part of the city school sys¬ 
tem. The example was slowly followed in a few Eastern and 
Northern States (Boston, 1852.) These schools were largely of 
the nature of the ‘‘institutes,” designed for benefit of those 
already actively engaged in teaching. In 1837, Horace Mann 
became Secretary of the newly created Board of Education of 
Massachusetts and began his long and famous career as fore¬ 
most advocate of public education in the United States. Under 
his administration there was established, at Boston, in 1839, 
as part of the public school system, the first “Normal School” 
in America, designed for the technical training of those who 
purposed to enter upon a profession of teaching. Other States 
soon followed; notably New York, at Albany, in 1844. By 
1860, at the outbreak of the War between the States, one or 
more Normal Schools had been established in nearly all of the 
Northern and Eastern States. 

The school systems of the North and East, for many cogent 
reasons, were not suited to the peculiar conditions of the South¬ 
ern States. In these, the elementary schools—while, undoubt¬ 
edly, of equal, if not superior quality to those elsewhere—were 
fewer in number, with no organized administration, and not 
tax-supported. Even so, fairly ample provision was made for 
education of all classes of the population. 

At the close of the war the States of the former “Confed¬ 
eracy” were compelled, under duress, to remodel their Con¬ 
stitutions preliminary to re-admission to the Union. This was 
accomplished by Conventions, in which the so-called “carpet¬ 
bag” element predominated, and many provisions of the former 
Constitutions were radically changed. So far as education was 


INTRODUCTION 


7 


concerned the new provisions were, on the whole, perhaps, 
wisely constructive. 

It so happened, that, in February, 1867, Mr. George Peabody, 
the great philanthropist, through gift of approximately 
$3,000,000, instituted the “Peabody Education Fund, 7 ’ to meet 
“the educational needs of those portions of our beloved and 
common country which had suffered from the destructive 
ravages, and the not less disastrous consequences of civil war.” 

The Fund was administered by a Board of Trustees, com¬ 
posed almost exclusively of Northern and Eastern men, who, 
naturally, held the views of their sections on the subject of 
public education. The income of the Fund (not much more 
than $100,000 annually) would not permit of the establishment 
and maintenance of many actual schools, and it was mainly, 
and wisely, devoted to educational propaganda. Dr. Barnas 
Sears, of Rhode Island, was appointed (March 19, 1867) Gen¬ 
eral Agent of the Fund. It is recorded that “he stimulated, 
with intelligence and increasing success, State aid to public 
education; he sought to develop a public sentiment in favor of 
general education; and he was efficient in aiding to put into 
the organic and statute laws of a number of the Southern States 
provisions for the establishment of free public schools.” It 
was this influence, no doubt, that largely dictated the educa¬ 
tional provisions of the new Constitutions of the Southern 
States. 

Georgia, the first of the United States to create a State edu¬ 
cational institution of collegiate and university grade, was the 
last of the original thirteen to provide for State support of 
“common” or elementary schools. The Constitution of 1868 
(adopted March 11, and irregularly ratified March 21, 22, 23), 
provided (Article VI, Sec. 1) : 

“The General Assembly, at its first session after the adop¬ 
tion of this Constitution, shall provide a thorough system of 
general education, to be forever free to all children of the 
State; the expense of which shall be provided for by taxation 
or otherwise.” 

Accordingly, the General Assembly, by Act, approved Octo¬ 
ber 13, 1870, (the first public school law of the State) made 
provision for inaugurating a system of what were designated 
as “common schools.” The Act followed closely the recom- 



8 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


mendations agreed upon and presented by representatives of 
the existing schools and colleges of the State (Prof. Wm. 
LeRoy Broun represented the University.) The plan was sim¬ 
ple, although extensive in application to the whole State. 
Naturally, no suggestion was made as to “Normal Schools” 
although, legally, they might have been included; elementary 
schools only were considered. The system adopted was tardy 
in organization and more tardy in getting under way; never¬ 
theless, it started. A tax, in support, was levied and collected 
during 1871. By the end of the year, however, it was found 
that the amount collected ($327,000), together with something 
more than $90,000* received by the treasurer as part proceeds 
of the sale of the Federal landscrip belonging to the College 
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University, had been 
used for the payment of legislative and other expenses of the 
government, and there was nothing for the schools. These 
were, accordingly, practically closed throughout 1872, but 
were reopened, with uncertain prospects, in 1873. 

After the period of “reconstruction” had fully closed a con¬ 
vention of genuine representatives of the people was called in 
1877 and a new Constitution adopted and ratified (December 
5, 1877.) The Article on Education (Article VIII, Sec. 1) dif¬ 
fered from that of 1868, for very good and necessary reasons, 
obvious on its face. It read: 

“There shall be a thorough system of common schools for 
the education of children in the elementary branches of an 
English education only, as nearly uniform as practicable, the 
expense of which shall be provided for by taxation or other¬ 
wise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State but 
separate schools shall be provided for white and colored races.” 
(The clause “in the elementary branches of an English edu¬ 
cation only” was stricken by amendment ratified October 2, 
1912.) 

The General Assembly re-enacted the Public School Law 
of 1870, with minor, necessary changes and, as modified from 
time to time subsequently, it is essentially the law today. 

Under the new regime the common schools rapidly increased 
in number, quality and efficiency. 

♦ Although no bond, note or other instrument has ever been issued in 
acknowledgement, this amount has been carried on the books of the Ti-easury 
as a valid indebtedness and succeeding legislatures have uniformly provided 
in the annual appropriation acts for payment of interest at 7%. 




INTRODUCTION 9 


As disciples of Horace Mann, the General Agent and the 
Trustees of the Peabody Fund appraised highly the importance 
of the Normal School in a system of public education. It was 
practicable, moreover, from the income of the fund to give 
financial aid in the establishment and maintenance of a few 
such institutions. In 1875, Dr. Sears concluded an arrange¬ 
ment with the University of Nashville, at Nashville, Tennessee, 
to take over its property and buildings for establishment of the 
“Peabody Normal School,” with intent to make this a model 
and high-grade institution of its class for the Southern States, 
and with expectation that suitable provision for its support 
in part would be made by the City of Nashville, the State of 
Tennessee, or both. These expectations were not realized and 
seemed unattainable, and so, in 1880, Dr. Sears visited Atlanta 
with proposals to remove the Peabody Normal School to that 
city, provided it, or the Legislature of Georgia would furnish 
the appropriate financial aid. The proposals were received 
with interest in Atlanta and were advocated particularly by 
that brilliant journalist, Henry W. Grady, who exploited the 
proposals with his usual enthusiasm in the columns of The 
Atlanta Constitution. Before Georgia had time to act, how¬ 
ever—even if it had been possible to do so—Tennessee became 
alarmed and repented of her lethargy and, in the Spring of 
1881, the Legislature appropriated $10,000 to the School, and 
the Atlanta proposals were dropped. The City of Nashville 
supplemented the State appropriations and, since that time, the 
three, the Fund, the City and the State, have co-operated to 
support the School. Through liberal scholarships prospective 
teachers from all the Southern States received, and continue to 
receive, the benefits of the School. 

The advertisement given by the Atlanta episode widened, in 
Georgia, interest in Normal Schools and understanding of their 
purpose. Teachers’ Institutes, of voluntary character, were 
held in Georgia rather generally and with some degree of reg¬ 
ularity. The Georgia State Teachers’ Association became a 
well-organized body of capable men and women keenly inter¬ 
ested in all educational matters. Interest in the establishment 
of a Normal School increased rapidly. 

Dr. Sears, Agent of the Peabody Fund, died in 1881. He was 






10 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


succeeded by Dr. J. L. M. Curry, a native Georgian and grad¬ 
uate of the University, who was deeply interested in the educa¬ 
tional progress of his native State. The Peabody Fund, with its 
limited income, its established policy, and its responsibilities in 
connection with the school at Nashville, could not be expected 
to establish and maintain, of itself, a similar school in Georgia. 
In a notable address on “Education' 7 to the General Assembly 
in 1889, Dr. Curry pleaded eloquently and forcibly for the 
establishment of “one or two" Normal Schools in Georgia. 

The same year, before a meeting of the State Teachers 7 Asso¬ 
ciation, at which several members of the faculty of the Uni¬ 
versity were present, he made the same plea. 

Rationally assuming the Normal School to be an integral 
part of the “common school 77 system, the difficulty in its etab- 
lishment in Georgia lay in the clause in the Constitution limit¬ 
ing the schools’ appropriations to “the elementary branches of 
an English education only. 77 There was only one other avenue 
through which State aid to other than “elementary branches 77 
might be given legally. A separate article of the Constitution 
of 1877 formally recognized the University of Georgia as a 
State institution (as, of course, it had always been) and author¬ 
ized appropriation of public funds for its support. Advantage 
had been taken of this article on several occasions to secure 
support of institutions for secondary or industrial (mainly) 
education, such as the “Branch" Agricultural and Mechanical 
Colleges, and the School of Technology. Some of these had 
mention of “teacher training 77 in the Acts creating them. By 
Act, approved October 8, 1889, a “branch 77 of the University 
to be known as the “Georgia Normal and Industrial College,’’ 
to be located at Milledgeville, was authorized. The main pur¬ 
pose, as expressed in the Act, was to “establish and maintain 
a first-class college for girls. 77 An “industrial department” 
was to be provided, and, also, a “normal department 77 ; at¬ 
tendance upon the “industrial department 77 was compulsory; 
upon the “normal department” permissive. This was an excel¬ 
lent step forward, but the evident, main purpose of the advo¬ 
cates of the measure was to secure for women, in a State insti¬ 
tution, education above the grade of the elementary school; 



INTRODUCTION 


11 


at the time women were not admitted to the University or its 
branches. 

The ancient Charter of the University gave it very broad 
powers and a considerable degree of supervision over all the 
educational institutions of the State. It was particularly 
charged to “remedy the defects and advance the interests of 
literature in the State,” and “to recommend what kind of 
schools and academies shall be instituted.” It was, therefore, 
thought, by some connected with the University, that the time 
was probably ripe, and it would not be inappropriate for the 
University to take the initiative in the matter of the Normal 
School. In this view, influential members of the State Teachers’ 
Association, and others, concurred. Accordingly, the matter 
was brought to the attention of the Board of Trustees at the 
annual meeting in June, 1891, and authority was given to pre¬ 
pare an appropriate bill and to tender certain property and 
funds of the University to the proposed new institution. Ac¬ 
cordingly, the bill embodying the Act quoted by Professor Sell 
in his “History,” was prepared and entrusted to Mr. W. F. 
Huff, of Macon, Representative of Bibb County, for introduc¬ 
tion and conduct in the General Assembly of 1891. The orig¬ 
inal bill provided for an annual appropriation of $6,000 to the 
University for use of the School. Notwithstanding energetic 
and long-continued efforts on the part of Mr. Huff and other 
friends of the measure, it was found impracticable to secure 
promise of support for an appropriation, in the then state of 
the treasury. On the hypothesis that, if the infant should be 
born, it probably would not be permitted to die, it was agreed 
to take chances and eliminate the appropriation clause; thus 
amended, the bill passed without serious opposition. 

The modest beginnings and struggles of the School, sup¬ 
ported financially only by the necessarily meagre aid of the 
University and the authorities of Athens and Clarke County; 
its gradual growth in the esteem of the people; the modifica¬ 
tions in its organization and the final securing of legislative 
appropriations; the benefactions from the Peabody Fund and 
elsewhere; and its subsequent brilliant career of usefulness, 
are recorded faithfully by Professor Sell in his “History.” 

The University, H. C. WHITE. 

March, 1923. 



CONTENTS 


Preface _ 

Introduction by Dr. H. C. White 


Page 
_ 5 
_ 6 


Chapter I. 

The Early History of Gilmer Hall_ 15 

Purchase by the University of Georgia Trustees of ninety- 
three acres of land. The University High School built. 
Intended for the Freshman and Sophomore classes. The 
corner stone laid July 4, 1860. The High School in 
operation. A school to teach crippled Confederate soldiers. 

The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Why 
called Gilmer Hall. The State Normal School given the 
building and land by the Trustees of the University of 
Georgia. 

Chapter II. 

The Summer Sessions_ 19 

Establishment of a Normal School at Athens urged by 
leading educators. Generosity of the Trustees of the 
University. The State Normal School established by Act 
of Legislature. Rock College the only building. Funds 
for the Summer Sessions. Aid given by the City of Athens. 

Aid rendered by Clarke County and Athens Citizens. 
Athens also helps. The faculty of the session of 1894. 
Recollections of Mr. Lawton B. Evans. 

Chapter III. 

The Permanent Organization of the State Normal School-- 25 

An annual appropriation fixed. Captain S. D. Bradwell 
elected as President. The School opened April 17, 1895. 
Purpose of the School. A cooperative expense account 
enabled the cost to the students to be reduced to the 
minimum. The first graduating exercises. The School 
quickly filled. The first building appropriation. The third 
story added to Bradwell Hall. Tents purchased and placed 
on the campus for the young men. The maintenance 
increased. Great service rendered by graduates. 

Chapter IV. 

The Growth and Development of the School_ 30 

The State Normal School never able to take care of all 
the students that applied. Captain Bradwell’s resignation. 

Mr. E. C. Branson’s election The sessions changed. Many 
prominent men interested in the work of the School. 
Domestic Science department established. The experi¬ 
mental psychology laboratory. The library created. The 
scholarships. The General Education Board’s aid. The 
Winnie Davis Memorial Hall. The physical training 
department established. A local board of trustees sub¬ 
stituted for the Commission. An appropriation for build- 







CONTENTS 


13 


ing purposes. The Smith Building. Mr. James M. Smith 
quoted. The topographical survey. The first infirmary. 

The Rural School. Miller Hall and Pound Auditorium. 

Some statistics. 

Chapter V. 

The Curriculum_ 43 

The summer sessions hardly more than institutes. An out¬ 
line of the course of study. The recitation periods. 
Lectures. The three courses. Entrance requirements. 

The common school review. The four year course in¬ 
augurated. The degree course. 

Chapter VI. 

Appropriations__ 48 

The State Normal School a branch of the University of 
Georgia. Maintenance appropriations made by the legis¬ 
lature. Total amount of appropriations. The donations 
compared. A list of the appropriations with the purpose 
of each since the establishment of the School. 

Chapter VII. 

Gifts to the State Normal School_ 53 

The friends of the School generous. The land and Gilmer 
Hall. The Peabody Fund the source of considerable aid. 
Clarke County help. The citizens of Athens. George 
Foster Peabody generosity. The Winnie Davis Memorial 
Hall and the Daughters of the Confederacy. The General 
Education Board’s donations. Robert C. Ogden’s gift to 
the Domestic Science Laboratory. Many subscriptions by 
individuals. The Elijah Clarke Chapter Infirmary. The 
Ida Young scholarship. List of the gifts to the School. 

Chapter VIII. 

Organizations_ 61 

The value of organizations. The Young Women’s Christian 
Association. The Altioria Literary Society. The Mildred 
Rutherford Literary Society. The Georgia Club. The 
Alumni-ae Association. The Round Table. L’Alliance 
Francaise. The Athletic Association. The Glee Club. 

The Annual. The Normal Light. 

Chapter IX. 

The Buildings on the Campus- 71 

Gilmer Hall. Bradwell Hall. The President’s Cottage. 

The Old Auditorium. The Muscogee Elementary Training 
School. The Smith Building. The Dining Hall. The 
Dairy Barn. The Infirmary. The Practice Home. Miller 
Hall. Pound Auditorium. 









14 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Chapter X. 

The Presidents_ 75 

Lawton Bryan Evans. Samuel Dowse Bradwell. Eugene 
Cunningham Branson. Jere M. Pound. 

Appendix_ 85 


A. Bibliography. 

B. The Commissioners and the Trustees. 

C. The Faculty. 

D. The Number of Students Enrolled Each Year. 

E. Charter of the State Normal School. 

F. State Normal School Act Amended. 

G. Extract from the Will of George R. Gilmer. 

H. The Benefactors to the Scholarship Fund. 





CHAPTER I 

The Early History of Gilmer Hall 

HE land on which the State Normal School is located was 



I purchased by the Trustees of the University of Georgia 
from Charles M. Reese, February 4, I860. 1 The original tract 
of land bought by the trustees contained ninety-three acres, for 
which the sum of $2,500 was paid. A number of lots were later 
sold off in what was then known as Cobbham, so that there are 
only about thirty acres in the campus of the State Normal 
School at the present time. The amount of money secured from 
the sale of these lots, together with bonds and other securities 
owned by the University at this time amounted to $33,600. And 
when it was determined that new buildings should be erected 
with this money, $11,600.00 was spent in a library building, 
$4,000.00 for the “Mess Hall” which is a brick building on 
Lumpkin Street, and $23,000 was put into what was known 
as the University High School, later called Rock College and 
now known as Gilmer Hall. 2 

In 1859 the Board of Trustees of the University of Georgia 
planned to erect a building for the Freshman and Sophomore 
classes and it was for this purpose that the building known 
as Rock College was constructed. This building, however, 
was never used for the purpose for w T hich it was built. 

The corner stone of this old building bears the following in¬ 
scription : “This spot was selected by the prudential commit¬ 
tee and W. L. Mitchell, T. R. R. Cobb and H. H. Hull, Jr., 
esquire, who were appointed building committee of the board 
of trustees of the University of Georgia. The corner stone was 
laid by the Mt. Vernon Lodge, No. 22, on July 4th, I860.” 3 
This building was called by the authorities the University High 
School but as the native rock found upon the spot was used 
in its construction it was for many years known as Rock Col¬ 
lege. 

1 The record of deeds in the Clarke County court house. 1860. Page 89. 

2 Hull, A. L. Historical Sketch of the University of (Georgia. 1894. Page 68. 
Foot and Davies Company, Atlanta. 

3 Catalogue of the State Normal School. 1899. Page 34-35. 



16 HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


The High School was opened in January, 1862, and the school 
was in charge of Prof. B. R. Carroll with Prof. L. H. Charbon- 
nier as assistant. Many sons of the refugees and others from 
Charleston, Savannah and Augusta were sent to this school 
to be placed under the control of Mr. Carroll. The boys were 
placed in companies and instructed in military tactics by Cap¬ 
tain Charbonnier who was a French soldier and a graduate of 
St. Cyr. 4 5 6 After the death of Mr. Carroll, Mr. Charbonnier 
became his successor and the school was kept up until the close 
of the war, when the building was occupied by the Federal 
troops as a garrison. 

Hon. T. W. Rucker of Athens who was a pupil in this School 
can recall the names of a number of other boys who attended 
the high school. Among these were: Van Spratlen, Chas. and 
Edward Bailey, Weldon Price, Willoughby Lumpkin, A. L. 
Hull, T. A. Hamilton, Bowdre and Ferdinand Phinizy, and 
Jep Rucker. 0 

In March of 1866, Prof. Ben I. Hunter took charge of this 
school with its appropriation from the State of $300.00 per 
annum for the support and tuition of each crippled Confeder¬ 
ate soldier who was under thirty years of age and who wished 
to attend school. Every room in the building was soon occu¬ 
pied by these young veterans and at one time thirty-four appli¬ 
cants had to be turned away. The school was in a prosperious 
condition until General Pope, who was then military governor 
of Georgia, issued an order for its suspension, alleging disloyal¬ 
ty on the part of these crippled soldiers because they threw up 
their hats and gave the old rebel yell when, the band played 
Dixie. But later when General Mead took command, through 
the intercession of Chancellor Lipscomb and others the school 
was allowed to take up its work again. It continued to prosper 
until the Legislature of 1868 took away the appropriation.* 

The University High School was conducted by Prof. Hunter 
for two years; then he retired and Prof. W. W. Lumpkin and 
A. L. Hull had charge for a year or two, after which the build¬ 
ing was unoccupied for some time. 7 After the establishment of 

4 Hull, A. L. Historical Sketch of the University of Georgia. 1894. 
Foot and Davies, Atlanta. Page 73. 

5 Catalogue of State Normal School, 1899. Page 35. 

6 The Athens Banner. March 3, 1922. 

7.Catalogue of State Normal School, 1900. Page 39. 





THE EARLY HISTORY OF GILMER HALL 


17 


the State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts as a 
department of the University of Georgia on May 1, 1872, the 
building and grounds were occupied by this department; the 
land being used for experimental purposes. This department 
was under the management successively of the following men: 
Dr. E. M. Pendleton, Professor George Little, General W. T. 
Brown, Dr. W. L. Jones and Professor J. B. Hunnicutt. 8 

This! historic old building, now known as Gilmer Hall, to¬ 
gether with the land on which the State Normal School is 
located was given by the Trustees of the University. During 
the existence of .this building it has been known as the 
University High School, Rock College and Gilmer Hall. After 
it became the property of the State Normal School, it was 
changed to Gilmer Hall on account of the fact that the State 
Normal School was largely supported for the first three years 
with the income from the Gilmer Fund, which amounts to 
$1,000.00 annually. 

The Trustees of the University of Georgia gave the building 
and ten acres of land at first, and later gave five additional 
acres and offered to sell the balance of the land to the State 
for the use of the State Normal School. The writer has been 
unable to find any records to show that the State paid the 
University for the balance of the land, and it is practically 
certain that the General Assembly did not buy the remainder 
of land for the State Normal School, and the Trustees of the 
University of Georgia allowed all of this parcel of land to be 
taken over by the State Normal School. 

There is only one reference to this transaction in the minutes 
of the University Trustees, and it is as follows: 

“ Whereas the Board of Trustees did on the 15th day of 
June, 1891, tender to the General Assembly of tftfe State the 
building known as Rock College, valued at $15,000.00 with ten 
acres of land surrounding it, to be used as a State Normal 
School, and 

“Whereas, the General Assembly did accept the said tender 
with its conditions and did subsequently erect buildings and 
make other improvements upon said property to the value of 
$20,000.00, and 

“Whereas, this Board did on the 13th of February, 1897, 


8 Catalogue of State Normal School, 3900. Page 39. 




18 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


set apart five acres of land additional for the same purpose, 
therefore be it 

“Resolved, that the Board of Trustees are willing to sell to 
the State the entire property now used for a State Normal 
School, and in addition thereto, the adjacent land on either side 
of the public road comprising about 33 acres, in fee simple, 
with all improvements thereon for the sum of ten thousand 
dollars ($10,000.00)), if the State will give that sum for the 

* 79 

same. 


9 Minutes of the Trustees of the University of Georgia, 1898. Page 519. 




CHAPTER II. 

The Summer Sessions. 

Many of the rural school teachers of Georgia have been very 
poorly prepared for their work; especially was this true as 
late as thirty or forty years ago. Although there were a few 
teachers here and there that had remarkable personalities 
and rendered great service to the communities in which they 
taught, many of the rural teachers, however, scarcely had 
the rudiments of an English education. Consequently, there 
became an insistant demand, especially from the leaders in 
education throughout Georgia, that the common school teachers 
must be better prepared for their work. 

Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb wrote a number of articles to various 
daily papers urging the establishment of a Normal School at 
Athens as a branch of the University of Georgia. These 
articles, unquestionably, had considerable influence in the 
establishment of the State Normal School. 10 

In 1891, Governor W. J. Northen, a successful teacher and 
an earnest advocate of the duties of the State to the teachers 
in the rural schools, called attention of the General Assembly 
to the necessity of providing facilities for normal training. * 11 

The Trustees of the University of Georgia, appreciating the 
situation, generously assisted and donated to the State the 
building known as Rock College and from six to ten acres of 
land contiguous thereto, together with the late George R. 
Gilmer fund, which amounted to $15,000.00 and the annual 
interest from this sum amounting to $1,000.00. Under the 
condition of Governor Gilmer’s will, this sum must be used to 
train teachers in the elementary branches of an English educa¬ 
tion only. The condition attached to these gifts of the Trustees 
of the University was that the State should establish at Rock 


10 Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb’s scrap book. Now belonging to ber son, F. A. 
Lipscomb. 

11 Catalogue of the State Normal School, 1900. Page 40. 



20 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


College a Normal School for the education and training of 
teachers for the rural schools. 12 

An Act was passed by the Legislature of Georgia in 1891 : 

“To establish, organize and maintain a State Normal School 
as a branch to the University, to appropriate money for the 
same, and for other purposes.” 13 This Act received the ap¬ 
proval of the Governor, October 21, 1891. By the provision of 
this Act, the State received from the Trustees of the University, 
as a donation for the purpose of establishing a Normal School, 
the building known as Rock College and a tract of land of not 
less than six nor more than ten acres upon which the college 
building stood, lying just outside the limits of the City of 
Athens, Ga. The Act also provided for a Normal School Com¬ 
mission, consisting of the State School Commissioner, who 
should be the Chairman, the Chancellor of the University, and 
“three citizens of Georgia, experienced in teaching, to be ap¬ 
pointed by the Governor.” 

It is interesting to note that the water used by the School 
came from a well, and the water was declared to be pure and 
wholesome and was so cold that no ice was needed. 

The lower floor of Rock College was divided into lecture 
rooms, restaurant, hall and assembly rooms. The second and 
third floors were used as a dormitory. These rooms were 
furnished by the appropriation of $500.00 from the City Council 
of Athens in 1892, with wire cots, tables, chairs, buckets and 
other necessary articles of furniture. 14 

The Act creating the State Normal School was passed in 
1891, and short sessions of the school were held during the 
summer months of 1892, 1893 and 1894. The Commission had 
at its command only the interest of the Gilmer fund which was 
transferred for safe keeping to the Trustees of the University 
by the Trustees of the estate of the late George R. Gilmer. The 
interest on this fund amounted to $1,050.00 a year, from which 
a commission of $50.00 a year was deducted for the expenses 
of administration. In 1892 there were added to this, the Pea¬ 
body Institute fund of $800.00, and the County Institute fund 
of five counties, which met at Rock College for one week, and 
amounted to $125.00. Therefore, the School was carried on in 
1893 with the sum of $1,923.00. 


12 Catalogue of State Normal School, 1900. Page 41. 

13 Report of Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Page 5 

14 Report of Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Page 6. 




THE SUMMER SESSIONS 


21 


The session of 1892 began July 11th, and lasted seven weeks. 
Exclusive of the attendance during the County Institute week, 
the roll of students numbered 112, representing thirty-two 
counties. 

So far as the resources of the college for the year 1893 are 
concerned, they are best explained by an extract from the 
minutes of the Commission at their meeting in Atlanta, April 
1, 1893: 

“The Chairman made a statement of the efforts that had 
been made to induce the Legislature to appropriate a sum of 
money for the permanent establishment of a State Normal 
School, and stated that the Legislature had failed to make an 
appropriation for the purpose named. Dr. William E. Boggs 
then stated that the net interest on the Gilmer fund, amount¬ 
ing to $1,000.00, would be available on the first day of July. 
He said, also that the people of Athens were desirous of having 
the Normal School operated during the coming summer, 1893, 
and that the grand jury of Clarke county had, at his request, 
made an appropriation of $400 for that purpose. The citizens 
of Athens had also made up a private subscription of $537 to 
be added to the fund. These resources, added together, made a 
total of $1,937 for the summer session of 1893.” 

The private subscriptions from the citizens of Athens were 

secured by Dr. Edwin D. Newton and Mr. T. W. Reed. This 
must have been a tedious undertaking, for many of the sub¬ 
scriptions only amounted to fifty cents. 

The session of 1893 began July 5th, and lasted six weeks. 
There were enrolled 116 students from thirty-five counties. 
These pupils were not all present at the same time. Some came 
for a week, others for two weeks, others for a month, while 
many remained during the entire session. 15 

The nature of the work done during the sessions of 1892 and 
1893, the enthusiasm of the students, the apparent demand for 
an enlarged and well-equipped Normal School, induced the 
Normal School Commission to appeal to the Legislature of 
1893 for an appropriation to remodel, equip, and operate the 
State Normal School. The Legislature, however, took no 
action in the matter, and the Normal School Commission was 
again left with limited means to carry out the provisions of 
the Act creating the School. 


is Report of Georgia State Normal School, 1894. 






22 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


A meeting of the State Normal School Commission was held 
in Atlanta to take into consideration the work of the, School 
for the summer of 1894. Those that attended this meeting 
were: 

State School Commissioner S. D. Bradwell, Chairman; Dr. 
Wm, E. Boggs, Chancellor of the University; Dr. A. J. Battle, 
President of Shorter College; Mr. Wm. H. Baker, Superintend¬ 
ent of Schools, Savannah, Ga.; and Mr. L. B. Evans, Superin¬ 
tendent of Schools, Augusta, Ga. 

The Chairman of the Commission stated that the Legislature 
had made no appropriation for the support of the School dur¬ 
ing the year of 1894, and that the only money available was 
the interest on the George R. Gilmer fund. 

After some discussion, the Commission decided to open the 
college for a month during the summer of 1894, and the fol¬ 
lowing resolution was passed: 

“Resolved, That the State Normal School at Rock College be 
opened for one month during the summer of 1894, beginning 
from the 17th day of July, and that the interest on the Gilmer 
fund, accruing July 1st, be used for defraying the expenses 
of the session. ” 3G 

Another resolution was also passed and was as follows: 

“Resolved, That the Normal School Commission, recognizing 
•the generosity of the grand jury of Clarke county, the City 
Council and citizens of Athens in the aid, they have hitherto 
given the Normal School, and fully grateful* for their past 
favors, yet in view of the urgent necessities of the School, 
respectfully suggest to the grand jury that an appropriation 
for the year 1894 would greatly aid in continuing the pros¬ 
perity and insuring the success of the Normal School.” 

“Resolved, That Dr. William E. Boggs, Professor David 
Barrow, Jr., be requested to present this resolution to the next 
session of the grand jury.” 17 

The grand jury received the resolutions, and in their pre¬ 
sentments made an appropriation of $750.00 to the State 
Normal School, provided a session of eight weeks was held. 
This provision was cheerfully agreed to by the Commission, 
and the day of opening of the Normal School for 1894 was 
changed from July 17th, to July 5th. 


i?nS5° rt ° f Georgia &tate Normal School, 1894. Page 8. 

1 U1VI • 




THE SUMMER SESSIONS 


23 


The State Normal School enrolled 175 students during the 
summer of 1894. Fifty-one counties were represented in this 
student body. 

The faculty for the summer of 1894 was made larger than 
that of previous years on account of the liberal donations 
made by Clarke county. The following is a list of the teachers 
for the term in 1894: 

Lawton B. Evans, Augusta, Ga._President 

David C. Barrow, Jr., Athens, Ga._Assistant Chair of 

Theory and Practice of Teaching. 

L. M. Landrum, Atlanta, Ga._Chair of Mathematics 

G. G. Bond, Athens, Ga._Chair of Primary Methods 

Euler B. Smith, LaGrange, Ga._Chair of English 

Otis Ashmore, Savannah, Ga._Chair of Geography 

and Kindred Topics. 

D. L. Earnest, Milledgeville, Ga._Chair of History 

(Later Primary Science.) 

Miss W. A. Allen, Douglasville, Ga._Chair of Kindergarten 

Work. 

Miss Lillie M. Godden, Atlanta, Ga._Drawing 

(Two weeks course.) 18 

The writer has been fortunate to secure from Mr. Lawton B. 
Evans, the first President of the State Normal School, some 
recollections of the summer sessions, which follow: 19 

“All the circumstances concerning the foundation of the 
State Normal School at Athens, have become so vague in my 
mind, on account of the lapse of time, that I am not quite sure 
that I can give you the correct information which you desire to 
put into the history of the School. I was on the first Board of 
Trustees and for the first several years was the President of 
the institution. At that time it was merely a summer school, 
I think it was operated for three years, beginning about July 
1st, and closing the middle of August. 

“The Gilmer fund was supplemented by private subscrip¬ 
tions of the people of Athens as well as by appropriation of 
the City Council. The exact amount, I do not now recall. I 
should think the records of the City Council of Athens could 
give you the exact facts. I know that the Faculty worked for 
a very small compensation and were most enthusiastic because 
it was the early starting of a desire to have a School in the 
State exclusively devoted to the training of teachers. We must 
have had several hundred teachers from all parts of the State 


18 Report of Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Page 10. 

19 From correspondence with Mr. Lawton B. Evans, June 22, 1922. 












24 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


and we conducted a School that was largely by the lecture or 
institute methods, but we did pretty well considering the cir¬ 
cumstances. 

“Among the members of the Faculty that I can recall are 
Otis Ashmore, Euler B. Smith G. G. Bond, D. L. Earnest, Dr. 
J. B. Hunnicutt, Miss Mary Bacon, Jos. T. Derry. There were 
others, and good ones, but their names I do not now recall. 

“I remember that the first floor was devoted to the class 
rooms, the second floor were men’s dormitories and the third 
floor were women’s dormitories. The rising bell would sound 
at seven and everybody was required to get up, make up his 
bed^nd clean his room. We had nothing but cots to sleep on 
and the furniture was of the rudest sort. At eight o’clock the 
School assembled for breakfast. My remembrance is that we 
paid $3.00 a week for our board the first year, and $5.00 a week 
the next year. “Aunt Caroline Thomas” of blessed memory, 
fed us with sufficient food and was very careful to collect toll 
of all who partook of her provisions. At nine o’clock the 
classes began and continued till one o’clock, after which we 
were fed again. The afternoon was devoted to study and work. 
At twilight we had a gathering on the lawn with singing and 
talks and other exercises, etc. Every evening there was a 
lecture or a concert in what we chose to call the Assembly 
Hall. 

“That has been thirty years ago or more, and I maintain 
that I was a very young and inexperienced president for such 
a responsibility. I felt the full dignity of my office and gave 
orders that none of the students should leave the campus with¬ 
out permission. I enforced these regulations regardless of age 
or the unimpeachable reputation of those of whom I was in 
charge. It was a glorious three years and full of enthusiasm 
and inspiration, but not very correct in its pedagogy. We did 
the best we could to arouse the Normal School spirit in Geor¬ 
gia which has been so wonderfully developed in subsequent 
years by the splendid institution which is pouring into the 
profession its annual supply of trained and enthusiastic 
teachers.” 



CHAPTER III. 

The Permanent Organization of the State Normal School. 

Although the Act creating the State Normal School was 
passed by the General Assembly in 1891, and summer sessions 
were held at the Rock College for three summers, from 1892 
to 1894, the institution could not be permanently organized 
because it had no means of support that was certain, except 
the income from the Gilmer fund. In addition to this fund, it 
had private subscriptions that enabled the School to run for 
these three summers. 

The success of the summer sessions under the direction of 
Mr. Lawton B. Evans made a permanent Normal School a ne¬ 
cessity. The Legislature of 1894 did, however, give financial 
assistance to the School and fixed the annual appropriation at 
ten thousand dollars. 

The first appropriation from the Legislature for the State 
Normal School was secured largely through the efforts of Mr. 
W. S. Holman, Mr. W. D. O’Farrell, Col. W. J. Morton, Mr. 
J. Y. Carithers, Mr. Alvin P. Dearing, Major H. H. Carlton and 
Mr. Tom Mell. It is doubtful whether the School would have 
ever been established on a large and permanent basis had it not 
been for the splendid work of these men for this institution. 

It was peculiarly fitting that Captain S. D. Bradwell was 
chosen as the first president of the State Normal School, after 
it was permanently established. Probably no man had done 
more for the teachers of the State, and no one understood their 
needs better, or sympathized with them in their work more. 
He was possessed with a remarkable memory for names and 
faces, and while State School Commissioner, he probably knew 
more men in Georgia than any other man. This fact was an 
invaluable aid to Captain Bradwell in getting the School es¬ 
tablished. 

Captain Bradwell moved his family to Athens and located 
them in the east end of Rock College, now known as Gilmer 
Hall, in January, 1895. He assumed the duties as President, 


26 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


January 1, 1895, but the first three months were spent in pre¬ 
paring for the opening of the School and soliciting students 
to attend. Most of the teachers of the State were busy teach¬ 
ing and had neither time nor money to attend school. In the 
beginning it was almost impossible to induce persons who 
were not already teachers to attend this School. The meager 
appropriations made it impossible to advertise or even employ 
a stenographer to carry on the correspondence. The Presi¬ 
dent wrote all of the letters and looked after all the work of 
clearing the grounds, arranging class rooms, obtaining furni¬ 
ture and making other necessary arrangements for the opening 
of school. 

The school was opened April 17, 1895. The 17th of April 
was observed as Founder’s Day for many years in the school 
and appropriate exercises were conducted. Miss Mamie 
Mathews of Oglethorpe county was the first student to register 
in the school. The attendance during the spring was very 
small, but the summer months brought a much larger enroll¬ 
ment. 

For many years the great majority of students at the State 
Normal School were men and women who had already had 
some experience in teaching and who were seeking improve¬ 
ment in their chosen profession. Captain Bradwell maintained 
the position that the State Normal School was created for two 
purposes; namely: to better qualify those persons who were 
already teaching; and in the second place, to train as teachers 
those pupils who had never taught before. 

At the time that the State Normal School was established 
most of the rural teachers were employed for very short terms 
and at a meager salary. Since most of the students were 
already teachers and wanting to better prepare themselves, if 
was necessaryl to have the expenses reduced to the minimum 
in order that any reasonable number might get the advantage 
of this training. Consequently, a cooperative plan of supply¬ 
ing board and other necessities was inaugurated. The tuition 
was, of course, free. 

This cooperative expense account was put on a weekly basis. 
To insure payment by the student, the sum of twenty dollars 
was required on registering. As this was exhausted, a further 



THE PERMANENT ORGANIZATION OF THE S. N. S. 27 


deposit was required. By this cooperative method, the expense 
of board was reduced to the minimum, running' as low as six 
dollars per month per student. Captain Bradwell added all of 
the accounts and expenses at the end of the ten weeks term on 
September 17, 1896, for board, laundry, lights, fuel and all 
living expenses, and found the cost to each student on this 
cooperative basis to be seven dollars per month, or one dollar 
and seventy-five cents per week, or twenty-five cents per day, 
or ten cents per meal." 0 

As so many of the students were active teachers and at that 
time the sessions in the rural schools were held at almost any 
time in the year that the patrons of the school might select, 
the student body at the State Normal School for the first few 
years of its existence was constantly changing. 

The first graduting exercises at the School took place Novem¬ 
ber 26, 1896, when nineteen diplomas were awarded; the grad¬ 
uates having completed a two-year course. After these exer¬ 
cises the School closed for the winter vacation to be opened 
again the following March. 

From almost the beginning of the school there has been a 
lack of room to properly house those that wanted to attend. 
The enrollment of the first day was only twenty-three, of which 
eight lived in the dormitory. But as soon as the work of the 
school and the economical plans of the management became 
known, students began to come in from all parts of the State. 
Before the summer had passed every available foot of space 
was occupied. All the cottages nearby were rented and filled 
with students who lived there and took their meals in the dor¬ 
mitory. 21 

These facts were presented to the General Assembly and an 
appropriation of seven thousand dollars was made for build¬ 
ing purposes, which was used in the construction of two stories 
of Bradwell Hall. Many have been at a loss to know why this 
building was placed in such a peculiar manner with reference 
to the street and so close to the other building. The reason 
was because the person who represented the Prudential Com¬ 
mittee of the University thought that the State Normal School 


20 The Weekly Banner, November 27, 1896. 

21 Catalogue of the State Normal School, 1897. Page 9. 




28 HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


would not need any more land for buildings, and the west side 
of Bradwell Hall was the extent of the area that the School 
was permitted to use, at that time, of the land that belonged 
to the University. 

The new dormitory was completed and furnished by July 
1, 1896. One-half of the lower floor was used as a dining room 
and the rest of the building was used as the men’s dormitory. 

With the expenditure of seven hundred and fifty dollars in 
1897, an additional story was added to this building, which 
afforded accommodations for forty or fifty more young men. 
The rooms left vacant by the men on the lower floor were 
turned over to the young ladies. The dining room however, 
could not be enlarged and the house-keeper was compelled to 
resort to the plan of serving two meals, three times a day. 
Thus, it is true that six meals a day were served at the State 
Normal School. 

This dormitory was very quickly filled and again room was 
very much in demand. The President then conceived the idea 
of placing tents on the campus for the young men to live in. 
Application was made to the Grand Jury of Clarke county for 
aid in carrying out this plan. Three hundred dollars was re¬ 
ceived from this source and tents were purchased which were 
stretched over frames elevated above the ground and properly 
ventilated. It was said that these tents made comfortable 
living quarters for the men. 22 

When the visiting committee from the Legislature saw these 
tents and learned that even they would not furnish all the 
accommodations needed, they unanimously recommended that 
the General Assembly appropriate twenty thousand dollars for 
building purposes and twenty-two thousand five hundred dol¬ 
lars, for an annual appropriation to meet the current expenses. 
The larger annual appropriation was asked for on the ground 
that the State Normal School was no longer an experiment, but 
that it deserved to be put on the same basis as the other 
branches of the University. 23 

The twenty thousand dollars for building purposes was not 
appropriated, but the amount asked for maintenance was given 


22 Catalogue of the State Normal School, 1897. Page 10. 
28 Ibid. 






THE PERMANENT ORGANIZATION OF THE S. N. S. 29 


and the Commission was granted authority to use some of the 
appropriation for each of the years, (1897 and 1898) to ex¬ 
pend as they might think necessary for buildings and improve¬ 
ments. 24 Money saved out of the maintenance fund was used 
to erect the third story to Bradwell Hall, the building now 
known as the old auditorium, five two-room cottages and the 
President’s cottage. 


2* Catalogue of the State Normal School, 1897 


Page 10. 




CHAPTER IV. 

The Growth and Development of the School. 

The fact, that the State Normal School has always been un¬ 
able to take care of all the students that have applied for 
entrance, is due largely to three reasons. In the first place, 
the Legislature has never supplied adequate building funds, 
and secondly, there has been an increasing demand for better 
trained teachers in the State, and lastly, the authorities of the 
School have always kept the expenses for the students reduced 
to the minimum. 

Captain S. D. Bradwell tendered his resignation as President 
of the School at a meeting of the Commission held March 7, 
1901. Mr. E. C. Branson was elected to succeed Captain Brad- 
well. Captain Bradwell had been President since the perma¬ 
nent organization of this institution in 1895. During the short 
period of six years, under his administration the School was 
organized and had grown to such an extent that the annual 
enrollment was well above six hundred. At the same meeting 
of the Commission, the work of this School was enlarged by 
adding the department of Manual Training. Mr. F. J. Orr 
was selected to conduct this work. 25 

The campus was very much improved in the fall of 1901. 
The entire front of the grounds, the surface of which was rock, 
was covered with soil and then planted in grass. Trees were 
set out and walks were arranged in an artistic manner. 26 The 
sewerage connections were in the process of construction in 
June, 1901, and this work was completed by the 9th of August, 
at a cost of about five thousand dollars. 27 

The sessions of the School were somewhat changed the latter 
part of 1901. The School closed December 15th and re-opened 
February 5th; thus^ making the winter vacation shorter than 
usual. This institution was closed again about the middle of 
June and remained closed until the first of August. 28 A short 

25 The Weekly Banner. March 8, 1901. 

26 The W r eekly Banner. September 13, 1901. 

27 The Weekly Banner. August 9, 1901. 

28 The Weekly Banner. November 15, 1901. 



THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHOOL 31 


summer school was conducted before the opening of the fall 
session, this year. 

A great many prominent men of our country have been in¬ 
terested in the work of this School for a long time. This is 
proven by the fact that at the commencement exercises in De¬ 
cember, 1901, the following men were in attendance: Mr. 
Walter H. Page, Editor of the World’s Work; Dr. J. L. M. 
Curry, agent for the Peabody Educational Fund; Dr. Charles 
W. Dabney, Chancellor of the University of Tennessee; Dr. 
Edwin A. Alderman, President of Tulane University; Dr. H. A. 
Frissell, of Hampton Institute; Dr. Chas. D. Mclver, President 
of the Normal and Industrial College of North Carolina, and 
Hon. Hoke Smith. 29 

The Domestic Science Department was established in 1901, 
and was placed in a servant ’s house that had been cleaned and 
disinfected, and in which simple equipment had been installed. 
This work was begun under the direction of Miss Ida Turnbull 
and the equipment was furnished by Mr. Robert C. Ogden, of 
New York. The cooking school, as it was then called, was 
equipped for courses in the chemistry of foods and practical 
lessons in cookery. One room in the two-room cottage was used 
as a kitchen and the other room was the dining room. Two 
teachers were selected for this work in the beginning, and their 
salaries, amounting to two thousand dollars, were paid by Mr 
George Foster Peabody. 30 

Soon after this department was created, Mr. Branson re¬ 
ceived a check from Mr. George Foster Peabody for one thous¬ 
and dollars to further and better equip the Department of 
Domestic Science and Arts. Mr. Peabody also authorized Mr. 
Branson to equip a laboratory for experimental psychology, 
with the very latest apparatus. 31 From somewhat later in¬ 
formation, it seems that Mr. Peabody gave one thousand dol¬ 
lars to equip the psychology laboratory. 32 

Another great need of the School at this time was a library. 
A large room was set aside for this purpose in Gilmer Hall and 
by December, 1901, four thousand volumes had been gathered 

29 The Weekly Banner. December 16, 11)01. 

30 The Weekly Banner. December 6, 1002. 

31 The Weekly Banner. March 21, 1902. 

32 The Weekly Banner. March 28, 1902. 




32 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


together without a dollar of expense to the State. The crea¬ 
tion of this nucleus of the library was the result of the united 
effort of the faculty, the students, and the friends of the 
school in the City of Athens. 3 ^ 

In order to secure a more stable student body and to have 
the students remain longer and consequently, become better 
prepared to teach, a plan was perfected whereby many of the 
students could secure a fifty-dollar scholarship. By the open¬ 
ing of the fall session of 1902, fifty scholarships had been sub¬ 
scribed by individuals. For the year 1902-03, Georgians gave 
one hundred fifty-dollar scholarships and the General Educa¬ 
tion Board gave the same number. Mr. Branson made applica¬ 
tion to the Southern Conference for Education which met in 
Athens in 1902, for fifteen thousand dollars for scholarships, 
provided the school secured an equal amount. 

Dr. Wallace Buttrick, who at this time was executive secre- 
retary of the General Education Board, announced on the third 
day of the session of the Southern Educational Conference 
which was at this time meeting in Athens, that 

1. The General Education Board subscribes to the State 
Normal School for the period of three years, fifty scholarships 
of fifty dollars each to meet the forty-six scholarships already 
provided by the Georgia people. 

2. In addition the Board will duplicate for three years, new 
scholarships of fifty dollars each secured before 1903, not to 
exceed fifty in number. 

3. Understanding that six thousand dollars have been sub¬ 
scribed by the Daughters of the Confederacy towards a fund 
of fifteen thousand, with which to erect a Hall to the memory 
of Miss Winnie Davis, the Board subscribes one-half of the 
remainder, four thousand, five hundred dollars, provided the 
balance is raised. 34 

As a result of an organized movement to raise the necessary 
money to meet the requirement of the General Education 
Board for Scholarships, each member of the Board of Trustees 
was made chairman of a committee for this purpose in his 
Congressional District. 


\ 


3 s The Weekly Banner. December 6. 1901. 
34 The Athens Banner. April 27, 1902. 





THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHOOL 33 


One of the most interesting and at the same time one of the 
most beautiful buildings in the State is the Winnie Davis 
Memorial Hall. The Daughters of the Confederacy conceived 
the idea of building a suitable memorial to the daughter of 
Jefferson Davis; and rather than erect a shaft of marble or 
set up a pillar of bronze, they decided to build a home for 
young women while preparing themselves for the noble service 
of teaching. This, it was believed would be an appropriate 
manner by which to perpetuate the memory of Winnie Davis, 
the beloved daughter of the Confederacy. 

The idea of such a building originated with the women of 
Georgia, but it was indorsed by Mrs. Jefferson Davis, for she 
said in a letter to Miss Mildred Rutherford when plans for 
the building were being made: “My dear child often said: 
‘If I only was well enough off to give to Confederate orphans, 
to endow a college, or even a chair in one, I should be extremely 
happy. Do you think, dear, I could ever afford it?’ It is a 
matter of pride and rejoicing to me to know my and her dear 
friends will do this, and I am sure she knows it and rejoice;? 
in Heaven over the tender offering. May God speed you in 
your efforts.” 

The Daughters of the Confederacy, by a unanimous vote de¬ 
cided to erect this building on the campus of the State Normal 
School. It was completed in 1902, and since that time this 
serviceable memorial has been the temporary home for thous¬ 
ands of students that come from all parts of the State. 

The Daughters of the Confederacy have budded better than 
many people know, for the fine qualities that characterized 
the life of Miss Winnie Davis are being incorporated in the 
training that is being given to young women who are prepar¬ 
ing themselves to teach the coming generation. The Winnie 
Davis Memorial Hall is an attractive and substantial build¬ 
ing. The columns in front of and on the sides of it are made 
of solid marble because it was desired that this memorial 
should by all means be enduring. 

It is not only true that this organization built the memorial, 
but the different chapters in the State furnished the rooms in 
it. The students that occupy the rooms in the building are 




34 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


not placed there by the Faculty of the institution, but these 
various chapters that have furnished rooms also select the 
students to occupy them; or, in other words, prospective stu¬ 
dents make application to their local chapter of the Daughters 
of the Confederacy for a room in the Winnie Davis Memorial 
Hall. 

The visitor to the Winnie Davis parlors will at once be 
attracted by the war relics and memoirs of Winnie Davis. 
Among the most interesting things to be found here are: a 
picture of Jefferson Davis and his cabinet which was given by 
Mrs. Davis; the official seal of the Confederacy; a hand- 
painted invitation to Miss Winnie Davis, on satin and white 
plush, to attend a “German” at the old Athenaeum Club in 
Athens in 1887. The invitation was painted by Miss Jennie 
Smith of Lucy Cobb Institute. So many war relics and 
memoirs of the Davis family have been secured that the at¬ 
mosphere seems to be permeated with the memories of the old 
Confederacy. 

In building memorials it would be a splendid thing to follow 
the ideals that prompted the Daughters of the Confederacy to 
build the Winnie Davis Memorial Hall and money spent in 
this way would be a benediction to thousands of young people, 
even in coming generations and at the same time aid in 
perpetuating the memory and lofty purposes of some indi¬ 
vidual. 

The idea of erecting a memorial to Winnie Davis was sug¬ 
gested by Mrs. James A. Rounsaville of Rome, at a meeting of 
the Georgia Division of the Daughters of the Confederacy. 36 
However, Miss Mildred Rutherford did more than any one 
else to get it located on the campus of the State Normal 
School. 

The citizens of Athens, through the local chapter of the 
Daughters of the Confederacy gave two thousand dollars, 
while the Faculty of the State Normal School subscribed six 
hundred and thirty-seven dollars. 30 Mr. T. W. Reed solicited 
these subscriptions in the city, while Captain Bradwell secured 
the money from the Faculty members. 


*5 The Weekly Banner. September 4, 1903. 
36 The Weekly Banner. November 24, 18914. 





THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHOOL 35 


The laying of the comer stone of the Winnie Davis Memo¬ 
rial Hall was a big event in the history of this institution. It 
occurred October 24, 1902, and was conducted by the Masons. 
A large number of the friends gathered for dinner at the 
School, and the exercises were held at four o’clock in the after¬ 
noon. Among the speakers on this occasion were Chancellor 
Walter B. Hill, President Branson, Dr. Wallace Buttrick, Mr. 
T. W. Reed, Hon. P. A. Stovall, Mr. J. H. Hall, Hon. C. M. 
Candler and Mr. W. T. Lane. 37 

The Muscogee Elementary Training School was erected in 
1902. The lower floor of this building is the gymnasium. The 
first' work in physical training was given in the fall of 1903. 
During the summer before, Mr. George Foster Peabody sup¬ 
plied this department with gymnasium apparatus. 38 The work 
in physical training at this institution was first given under 
the direction of Miss Maude C. Kathan. 

The Normal School Commission which had had control of the 
School since its establishment was abolished by an Act of the 
Legislature, which was approved August 15, 1904. In place of 
the Commission, a local Board of Trustees was substituted. 
The Governor now appoints one Trustee from each Congres¬ 
sional District, two Trustees from the City of Athens, and two 
from the State-at-large. The State School Superintendent and 
the Chancellor of the University of Georgia are ex-officio mem¬ 
bers of the Board. 39 (The Act amending the Act to establish 
the State Normal School is given in Appendix F.) 

In 1904 the Legislature appropriated twenty-five thousand 
dollars to the School on the condition that an equal sum be 
raised from individuals. Mr. George Foster Peabody gave ten 
thousand dollars, and Mr. James M. Smith gave ten thousand 
dollars, which left only five thousand to be raised from personal 
sources. A State wide campaign was launched the latter part 
of 1904 to raise the five thousand dollars necessary to secure 
the appropriation from the State. 40 

These funds were used to build the Smith Building and the 
Dining Hall. The Smith Building burned while in the process 

37 The Weekly Banner. November 7, 1902. 

38 The Weekly Banner. July 3. 1903. 

3» Georgia Laws. 1904. Page 86. 

<0 The Weekly Banner. December 4, 1904. 




36 HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


of construction. It was later completed, but there were so 
many defects in the construction that it came near falling down. 
With an appropriation of fifteen thousand dollars from the 
State, the building was finally put in good condition. The 
Domestic Science department which was moved into the build¬ 
ing was further equipped by Mr. Robert C. Ogden at a cost of 
fifteen hundred dollars. 

Mr. James M. Smith, in discussing his gift to this institution, 
said: 

“I have been considering for some time how I might best 
serve my State in some permanent and useful way, and I have 
decided that in helping the educational interests of the State I 
can do the most good. A large portion of the people* of the 
State will always be educated, but in order for the State to 
grow greater and stronger in every sense it is necessary for 
the masses to be educated. How to reach the masses is the 
question. This can best be done by well trained teachers. 
What is put into the School through the teachers will appear 
in the life of the people. Now, we need more knowledge of the 
sciences, of the industrial arts; our girls need to be taught 
along with their books, domestic science; how to make the 
home life easier and more attractive. 

* 1 This building will stand for the education of the masses in 
these subjects. In helping the rural school teachers prepare 
themselves for their work among the children, we are helping 
those who need help. 

“I have made my gift to a State college because of the per¬ 
manent nature of these institutions. As long as the State 
exists, these institutions will be cared for, and this building 
continue its service to all the people regardless of dis¬ 
tinction.” 41 

The City Council of Athens passed an ordinance that placed 
seven hydrants on the campus of the School. This measure 
was passed March 8, 1906, and since the installation of these 
hydrants splendid fire protection has been available at this 
institution. 42 

The second issue of the Levana was published in 1906. This 
was the annual prepared by the Senior Class. 43 Annuals have 
been issued almost every year since 1905, but several years ago 
the name was changed to the Crystal. 


41 The Weekly Banner. November 25, 1904. 

42 The Weekly Banner. March 9, 1906. 

43 The Weekly Banner. June 1, 1906. 







THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHOOL 37 


A topographical survey was made of the campus by Profes¬ 
sors C. M. Strahan and E. L. Griggs. Mr. Robert Sagels of 
New York spent some time here in looking over the grounds and 
making notes in order to aid Mr. Charles W. Leavett in draw¬ 
ing plans for future development of the State Normal School. 
Mr. Leavett made the plans at the request of Mr. George 
Foster Peabody at a cost to him of about $2,000.00, and it was 
expected that these plans would cover a development of fifty 
years. 44 When this idea of landscape gardening and the ar¬ 
rangement of the buildings shall have been carried out, the 
campus will be one of the most beautiful in the State. 

One of the small cottages on the campus was converted into 
an Infirmary, and Miss Lucy Bryant was employed to take 
charge in the early part of the fall of 1907. 45 This frame 
structure served the purpose until 1916, when a splendid, 
though small brick building was erected and is known as the 
Elijah Clarke Infirmary. 

The steam heating plant for Gilmer Hall and Bradwell Hall 
was installed by the beginning of the fall term in 1908. Both 
of these buildings are heated from one unit. 46 

In 1910 the State Normal School received another thousand 
dollars from the Peabody fund, but this time it was used for 
the State supervision of the rural schools. 47 During the same 
year about $25,000.00 was given by the Andrew Carnegie Fund 
to build the library. 

A splendid one-room school building was erected on the 
campus in 1911. This has been conducted in cooperation with 
Clarke county, as the children that attend this School come in 
from the country. It is a real rural school in which the Seniors 
get practice in rural school work before leaving this institu¬ 
tion. 48 The heating and lighting in this little building are 
ideal and the grounds have been so nicely planned that it is 
now one of the most attractive spots on the campus. 

In 1912 President E. C. Branson resigned to accept the head 
of the department of Rural Economics and Sociology, and 
Mr. Jere M. Pound was elected President. 


44 The Weekly Banner. October 12, 1906. 

45 The Weekly Banner. October 4, 1907. 

46 The Weekly Banner. September 4, 1908. 

47 The Weekly Banner. November 11, 1910. 

48 The W T eekly Banner. October 20, 1911. 







38 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


The new plan of certification of teachers went into effect 
in 1913. Graduates of the State Normal School were the first 
to receive the State’s license to teach in Georgia as the result 
of having finished a normal course. 

No very large appropriation for building purposes had been 
made by the State, to the State Normal School, until 1916, when 
one hundred thousand dollars was given. Miller Hall and 
Pound Auditorium were built with the money received at this 
time. Miller Hall was named for Hon. B. S. Miller, Chairman 
of the Board of Trustees, who worked so faithfully to secure 
the appropriation, while the auditorum was named for the 
President of the School, who has been laboring continually to 
increase the efficiency of the institution. 

Until this time the greater part of the money for building 
purposes and equipment had come from individuals. The fact 
that this large appropriation was made by the Legislature is 
an indication that the State is at last beginning to realize the 
importance of enlarging and equipping an institution that is 
training so many teachers for the Common Schools of the 
State. 

The State Normal School has had its own Chapter of the 
Red Cross since the beginning of the World War, and is in all 
probability, the only School in the world to have this dis¬ 
tinction. This institution rendered a great service during the 
war by making thousands of bandages and doing other neces¬ 
sary work for the Red Cross. 

The State Normal School has been celebrating Georgia Day 
every year since 1917. The Trustees, friends of the School, 
the Faculty and the students are invited to assemble in the 
dining room where a Georgia products dinner is served, after 
which some program is rendered which depicts some of the 
important events in the history of the State. Frequently 
pageants have been given, but in 1923 the history of the State 
Normal School was made the main feature of the program. 

The first woman to be appointed on any Board of Trustees, 
of any State institution in Georgia was Mrs. J. E. Hayes, of 
Montezuma, who was appointed by Governor Hardwick in 
1922 as a Trustee of the State Normal School. Since Mrs. 
Hayes was appointed, five other women have been selected by 



THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHOOL 39 


the same Governor to serve on our Board. They are as fol¬ 
lows : Mrs. Howard McCall, Atlanta; Mrs. Annie Freeman 
Johnson, Rome; Mrs. Ira E. Farmer, Thomson; Mrs. W. W. 
Stark, Commerce; and Mrs. Julia Ashton White, Athens. Mrs. 
White is a member of the Prudential Committee and the first 
woman to serve on such a committee for a State institution in 
Georgia. 

During the year 1922-23, 624 students were registered in the 
regular normal courses, 501 were in attendance at the summer 
school, 272 pupils were enrolled in the Muscogee Elementary 
Training School and the Rural School, and 60 were registered 
in the correspondence courses. A total of 1,457 individuals 
received instruction at this institution for the year 1922-23. 
There were 118 counties represented in the student body. 

Students holding diplomas from other schools numbered 
372, while 63 had first grade license to teach, 36 had second 
grade license to teach, and 76 had had experience in teaching. 
More than fifty per cent, of the students are sons and daugh¬ 
ters of farmers. 

The total registration since the foundation of the School is 
14,957. The number of graduates to June, 1922, is 1,930. The 
graduating class this year numbers 200. There are 48 teachers 
and officers connected with the School. 

The above statistics of the School for 1922-23, would be 
representative for any year since 1917, when two buildings 
were completed. The School can grow only as additional 
dormitories and class rooms are supplied. 

The State Normal School has participated in the University 
of Georgia Summer School since 1915. The courses offered in 
the Summer School are no longer superficial, but standard 
credits are given for whatever work is done. Not only is this 
true, but the demand for regular college work had become so 
great that it is only a matter of a short time until the institu¬ 
tions that compose the Summer School will be obliged to offer 
a summer quarter. 

This problem is made very clear by Dr. T. J. Woof ter in 
“Steps in the Development of the University Summer School,” 
and what follows is quoted from this splendid little book: 

Taking cognizance of the general Summer School develop- 




40 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


ment and trend, the Faculty of the University took under con¬ 
sideration the advisability of converting the University Sum¬ 
mer School into a regular fourth quarter for the three institu¬ 
tions composing it. The decision was favorable to such re¬ 
organization. The following report was communicated by the 
Faculty Committee to the Board of Administration of the 
Summer School and this was approved and adopted as in¬ 
dicated below, quoted from the minutes of said Board: 

“The University Summer School has gradually grown away 
from its more primitive type of work until it approximates 
more and more the courses of the regular session, and there 
is a steadily increasing demand for such courses. 

“Recognizing this tendency a special Faculty Committee 
was created in 1920-21 to consider the desirability of extend¬ 
ing regular courses as far as possible through the full summer 
term, or quarter, commensurate with a regular term. This 
committee made a report favoring such extension, the Faculty 
endorsed this report, and the Trustees in June, 1921, approve^ 
the same to become effective when funds are available. 

“The Special Committee was continued, 1921-22, to work out 
more details for such extension. Its recommendations were 
thoroughly gone into by the Curriculum Committee and the 
Faculty, and there was unanimity in agreement that the sum¬ 
mer term should be organized as a fourth quarter, and it was 
recommended that this begin as far as practicable in the sum¬ 
mer of 1923. 

“This is submitted to the Board of Administration of the 
University Summer School as information and for co-operation. 
Further information reports that the Board of Trustees of the 
State Normal School has given its authority for a fourth 
quarter for that institution. 

“In consideration of the foregoing information and for 
harmonious co-operation in this expansion, the following is 
recommended as the outline of organization for 1923. , 

“1. The organization preserves the unity of 1 the University 
Summer School composed of its natural divisions: 

“I. The University. 

“II. The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 

“III. The State Normal School. 

“2. The Dean of the University shall be the Dean of the Uni¬ 
versity Summer School, its chief co-ordinating officer. 

“3. The Dean of the University and President of Franklin 
College,, the President of the State College of Agriculture and 
Mechanic Arts, and the President of the State Normal School, 




THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHOOL 41 


shall be the Presidents, in respective order, of Divisions I, II, 
and III, as above named. 

“The Chancellor of the University and these officers shall 
constitute the Administrative Council. 

“4. The field of work of each Division shall be as follows: 

“I. Division of the University: Courses for teachers of Junior 
and Senior High Schools, and regular University courses. 

“II. Division of the State College of Agriculture and Me¬ 
chanic Arts: Courses for teachers of Vocational Agriculture 
and Home Economics, and regular College of Agriculture and 
Mechanic Arts courses. 

“III. Division of the State Normal School: Courses for 
teachers of Elementary Schools, and regular Normal School 
courses. 

“5. The Presidents of the Divisions shall, in co-operation 
with the Director, each for his Division, and subject to the 
approval of the Council of the University Summer School, ar¬ 
range the list of courses to be offered, nominate the instructors, 
fix the salaries, and select his assistants as needed, fixing the 
compensation for these, and have\ general control and discip¬ 
line in his Division. 

“6. The Superintendent of the University Summer School, 
hereafter known as Director, chosen by this Board, shall, under 
the direction of the Council, be responsible for publicity, gen¬ 
eral welfare and management, such as the Council or this 
Board may direct. 

“It is believed that such an organization will preserve every 
necessary function of the University Summer School, preserve 
unity and make for co-operation of its constituent divisions, 
and yet permit each division to develop gradually into a sum* 
mer quarter. 

“It is further believed that a very satisfactory summer 
quarter may be planned for next session, said quarter to con¬ 
sist of two terms, the first of six weeks and the second of five 
weeks, courses to be arranged for one term and for both terms. 
Or, as an alternative, there may be provided some courses to 
run six weeks, some nine weeks, as a modified fourth quarter. ’ ’ 

“Minute: The alternative of the modified fourth quarter 
was chosen, then the plan adopted for the organization of 1923. 
Adopted unanimously, November 27, 1922. 

“T. J. WOOFTER, Secretary of the Board.” 

The University of Georgia Trustees, through our local board 
has granted authority to the State Normal School to add two 
years of work to the regular normal course and grant degrees. 
This advanced work has already begun in a satisfactory way. 






42 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


There is little doubt but that as soon as funds are available, 
this institution will take another advanced step and inaugurate 
the summer quarter. When these plans have been completed 
the School will be even better prepared to serve the State by 
sending out a larger number of adequately prepared teachers 
imbued with the idea of service, to properly train the children 
of our commonwealth. 




CHAPTER V. 

The Curriculum. 

During the time that the State Normal School conducted 
the summer sessions only, it was hardly more than an institute. 
The School lasted from six to eight weeks but some of the 
courses did not last that long, sometimes not more tlian two 
weeks. But it must be remembered that the purpose of the 
School in those days was not that of preparing the students 
to teach, but to make better teachers out of those who were 
already in the business of teaching. 

Although few courses were offered at first, from the 
description given of them in the early catalogues they must 
have been well planned, and splendid teachers were employed 
to give the instruction. No single text-book would be used in 
a course, but the teachers would bring such text-books as they 
might already have; such as a history, a geography, a gram¬ 
mar, an arithmetic, or any book dealing wth the subject of 
teaching school. 

An outline of the subject matter taught in 1894 will serve 
to illustrate the nature of the curriculum for the first three 
years after the opening of the State Normal School: which is as 
follows : 49 

Theory and Practice. Some text-book on the nature and 
development of child mind. Lectures by members of the 
faculty and leading educators. Practical talks daily on school 
organization, discipline, recitations, study, etc. 

English. Easy language lessons developed from nature 
studies. The synthetic and analytic processes of language con¬ 
sidered. Technical grammar, and how to teach it. The art of 
composition writing. A review of English and American 
literature and writers. A course of lectures on the history of 
the United States was given in this department. 

Geography. The world considered in its history, composition, 
forces, and adaptation for the home of man. Land modelings 
and geographical forms in relief. The geology, chemistry, 


o Report of the Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Pages 9 and 10. 



44 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


physics, botany, zoology, and mineralogoy of the earth con¬ 
sidered. Map-drawing, lectures on astronomy, and practical 
observation of the heavens. 

Mathematics. Numbers as taught by objects and by illus¬ 
tration. The Grube system of natural teaching. How to apply 
numbers to everyday problems. Interest, percentage, etc. 

Primary Methods. Mainly in reading and writing, as taught 
by the word, sentence and phonic methods. Elementary science 
and nature studies outlined and developed. Devices for busy 
work, manual occupations, etc. Much care will be devoted to 
the work in this department. 

Kindergarten. The German kindergarten, in all its gifts and 
occupations, will be freely explained and practically taught. 
This is one of the most interesting and delightful departments 
of the college. 

Vocal Music. A class in vocal music was in charge of a 
competent teacher. No extra charge. 

Psychology. A course of lectures on this important subject 
will be delivered by Dr. William E. Boggs, Chancellor of the 
University. 

Drawing. A two weeks course in free-hand drawing was 
given from August 1st. No extra charge. 

The length of time given to a recitation was only thirty-five 
minutes, but recitations began at 8:30 in the morning and 
lasted until 6:30 in the afternoon, with a two-hour recess at 
dinner. Each day at the close of the morning’s session, a forty 
minute period was given to general discussions. These discus¬ 
sions must have been very valuable to these teachers, for “in 
many cases the education of the teachers was limited, their 
knowdedge of the principles of imparting instruction was very 4 
defective, and, as a result, the work done in the school room 
was desultory and unsatisfactory.” 50 These practical talks 
and general discussions were on such subjects as: Opening 
exercises for schools; the recitation—objects and methods; 
school privileges—their uses and abuses; school tactics, man¬ 
agements, etc.; how to organizze a school; relation of a school 
to a community; punishments—their objects and kinds; cor¬ 
poral punishment—when and how; incentives—proper and im- 


60 Report of the Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Page 17. 




THE CURRICULUM 


45 


proper; school hygiene; school apparatus, charts, etc.—how to 
make; suggestions in grading, seating, etc.; school entertain¬ 
ments—objects and kinds; how to teach science in rural 
schools; order in school—how gained and kept; how to teach 
morals and manners; the teacher’s duty as a citizen; as well 
as many other topics of similar nature. 51 

In addition to the regular class room exercises, a series of 
lectures was given for the benefit of the students and the 
citizens of Athens. These lectures were delivered on Tuesday 
and Friday evening of each week. The lectures and entertain¬ 
ments for the session of 1894, were as follows: 


Mr. A. L. Hull_ 

Prof. L. H. Charbonnier 

Dr. H. C. White_ 

Mr. E. B. Smith_ 

Mr. L. B. Evans_ 

Mr. Otis Ashmore_ 

Prof. C. M. Strahan_ 

Dr. H. C. White_ 

Dr. E. D. Newton_ 

Musical Concert. 52 


_History of America 

Evolution of Tools and Weapons 

_The “Prince of India” 

_Trifles 

_Good and Bad English 

_Voices of the Stars 

_Evolution of Music 

_Magnitude of Little Things 

_Nicaragua Canal 


The content of the course of study was not materially 
changed, for a year or two after the School was organized per¬ 
manently with an appropriation from the State, under Captain 
S. D. Bradwell. The scholastic year, however, consisted of 
forty weeks, divided into four terms of ten weeks each. The 
vacation occurred in mid-winter; from the middle of December 
to about the first of March. The first year was an exception, 
as the School could not be opened until the 17th of April. 

There were three courses in the School at this time: 

(1) The Diploma course, which embraced everything taught 
in the School, the diploma was a life license to teach in Georgia. 

(2) The Certificate course which included all the subjects 
known as legal branches. This certificate enabled the holder 
to teach in the common schools, one, two, or three years ac¬ 
cording to proficiency. 


Bi Report of the Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Page 13. 
52 Report of the 'Georgia State Normal School, 1894. Page 14. 













46 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


(3) Elective course might have been taken with any studies, 
however, two was the minimum. 53 

In 1898 a number of new teachers were added, and at the 
same time several new courses were offered. It is stated that 
two years were required to complete the diploma course, 
although work was outlind for the Freshman, Sophomore, Ju¬ 
nior and Senior classes. The graduates of the high schools no 
doubt entered the Junior class. 

In 1904 the Freshman class, which consisted of subjects usual¬ 
ly taught in the third or fourth year of the high school, was a 
preparatory course for the three-year course, known as The 
English Diploma Course, or with certain modifications known 
variously as, The English-Manual Arts Course, The English- 
French (or English-German) Diploma Course, etc. The prin¬ 
cipal changes in the content of the course of study at this time, 
was the addition of such industrial subjects as: agriculture, 
domestic science and manual arts. The Daughters of the Con¬ 
federacy undoubtedly influenced the addition of subjects of 
this kind. 54 

The entrance requirements to the Sophomore class in 1904 
was either a first grade or a life license to teach in Georgia; 
or a diploma from a reputable high school or college. 

A two year course known as The Elective Diploma Course 
was also offered, but only graduates of other schools, with 
maturity and experience in teaching were allowed to take it. 

In 1906-07 another course was given which was known as the 
Common School Review. This course was simply a review of 
the common school subjects and was helpful in preparing the 
students to stand the State examination. It was offered from 
1906 to 1918, and usually ran throughout the year. Sometimes 
a similar course would be given that would be completed in 
one semester, though the usual plan was for the course to take 
a whole year. 

The Correspondence School was established in 1909. The 
correspondence courses were planned by the various depart- 


53 Announcement State Normal School, 1895. 

54 Minutes of the Georgia Division of the Daughters of the Confederacy 1899 
Page 42. “This dormitory (Winnie Da'vis) annex, shall be placed at an’insti¬ 
tution which shall supply industrial as well as literary training ” 





THE CURRICULUM 


47 


ments in tlie school. The several departments read and grade 
the work in their respective subjects. 

The English Diploma Course, that began in 1904, and was a 
three-year course, was changed in name, but not materially 
in content, in 1908 to the Diploma A, B, and C. In the fall of 
1911, the new students that entered the School were placed in a 
new four-year course while the students that had been in 
school were allowed to graduate in the old three-year course. 
The Senior class of the old three-year course was discontinued 
in June, 1914, and then the four-year course was in full force. 

The graduates of a four-year University accredited high 
school were still allowed to take the Two-Year Diploma course. 

In 1914 the Common School Methods course was offered to 
prepare students to stand the State examination. A Review 
course was also given which was in reality a preparatory class 
for the Freshman class. It was at this time that two distinct 
courses went into effect, the Academic and Industrial courses. 
These two courses have the same entrance requirements, namely, 
two years of accredited high school work to enter the Fresh¬ 
man class. The content of the Academic course is made up 
largely of the professional subjects together with such other 
subjects as English, history, mathematics and the languages. 
The industrial course is composed for the most part, of the 
professional subjects, English, agriculture, household arts and 
manual arts. 

The State Normal School has been granted the power to give 
degrees. The curriculum for 1922 contained two additional 
years of work, known as the Junior and Senior Degree Course. 
This means that four years of college work can now be taken 
at the School and a degree of B.S. in Education, or A.B. in 
Education, according to the course selected, be received. The 
subjects offered in this course are not materially different from 
those in the regular four-year course; except more advanced. 

At the beginning of the fall term in 1923, the length of the 
recitation period will become fifty-five minutes, instead of the 
usual forty-five minutes. 





CHAPTER VI. 

Appropriations. 

Owing to the fact that the State Normal School is a branch of 
the University of Georgia, consequently a State institution, the 
maintenance appropriations are made by the General Assem¬ 
bly. The State has also from time to time given money for 
repairing the buildings as well as aided in the erection of build¬ 
ings and the State made an appropriation in 1916 that sup¬ 
plied funds for the erection of two buildings. 

The total amount of appropriations made by the General 
Assembly for the maintenance of the State Normal School dur¬ 
ing its thirty years of existence amounts to $1,085,500. The 
amount coming from the same source for buildings during the 
same length of time amounts to $186,374.74. It is interesting 
to note that the School has had given to it $198,726.05, which 
has come largely from individuals, although some has been 
given by Educational Boards. 

There is no way of determining the exact amount of dona¬ 
tions from friends to the School, for very substantial sums have 
been and are still being given in the form of scholarships; 
which can not be completely listed as in some cases the donors 
do not wish their names to be made known. 

The table that follows gives the appropriations made to the 
State Normal School by the General Assembly and the purposes 
for which they were made. The references given refer to 
Georgia Laws and give the year and page of these volumes. 


Acts 

Page 

Year 

Maintenance 

Extra Appropriations. 

1890 126 

91 Vol. 1 



- Rock College and 10 

acres given by Board of 
Trustees of University 
of Georgia. 

— 

— 

1892 



— 

— 

1893 



— 

-- 

1894 



1894 

1 

1895 

$10,000 


— 

— 

1896 

10.000 


1895 

10 



$7,000 To build dormitories 
and repair other build¬ 
ings. 











APPROPRIATIONS 


49 


Acts Page Year Maintenance 
1896 14 1897 22,500 


— 


1898 

22,500 

1898 

14 

1899 

16,000 

— 

_ 

1900 

16,000 

1900 

12 

1901 

22,500 


_ 

-— 

1902 

22,500 

1902 

12 

1903 

22,500 

_ 

__ 

1904 

22,500 

1904 

23 

1904 



Approved Aug. 
13, 1904. i 


Extra Appropriations. 

_ Provided Trustees are 

authorized to spend such 
part of same as they 
may think proper for 
building and furnishing. 


“Provided, that so 
much of said sum as 
may be necessary, shall 
be used for the con¬ 
struction and mainten¬ 
ance of an adequate 
system of sewerage for 
said institution, and for 
such repairs and erect¬ 
ing a Dining Hall and 
such other buildings as 
shall be necessary: pro¬ 
vided, further, that only 
$16,000 of said sum 
shall be available until 
said system of sewerage 
is completed.” 


$25,000 “Provided that the 
money herein appro¬ 
priated shall only be¬ 
come available upon the 
following terms and 
conditions: $10,000.00 

when the sum of $10,- 
000.00 is donated and 
paid over to the Trus¬ 
tees by private indi¬ 
viduals, and the remain¬ 
ing $15,000.00 when an 
additional $15,000.00 is 
donated and paid over 
to said Trustees.” 

"The entire $50,000.00 
to be expended for 













50 


HISTORY OP THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Acts 

Page 

Year 

Maintenance 

1904 

12 

1905 

22,500 

1905 

13 

1906 

25,000 

— 

_— 

1907 

25,000 

1906 

13 

1906 



Approved Aug. 
18, 1909. 


Extra Appropriations. 

buildings and equip¬ 
ment for same for said 
Normal School.” 


$15,000 Whereas out of an ap¬ 
propriation of $25,000 
supplemented by a gift 
of $25,000 made by 
friends of the State 
Normal School, making 
$50,000, the Trustees 
have erected on the 
campus of said School 
two splendid and com¬ 
modious buildings: 
“For furnishing and 
equipping said new 
buildings and the instal¬ 
lation of a heating plant 
for heating all of said 
buildings.” 


1907 14 1908 30,000 _ 

- - 1909 30,000 _ 

1908 17 - - $15,000 “For repairing of the 


^ steam heating plant of 

old Rock College build¬ 
ing and other neces¬ 
sary repairs in said 
building, for the instal¬ 
lation of steam heat in 
Bradwell Hall, and for 
the necessary repairs of 
the same, for additional 
equipments and im¬ 
provements in other 
buildings of the 
School.” 

1908 17-18 - 7,000 - “To supplement the ap¬ 

propriation contained in 
the general appropria¬ 
tion Act 1907 to sup¬ 
ply the deficiency in 
said appropriation for 











APPROPRIATIONS 


51 


Acts Pag© Year Maintenance 


1909 

17 

1910 

42,000 

— 

— 

1911 

42,000 

1911 

34 

1911 



1911 

19 

1912 

42,000 

—- 

_ 

1913 

42,000 

1912 

11 

1912 

5,000 

__ __ 

__ 

1913 

5,000 


1913 

16 

1914 

47,000 

__ 

_ 

1915 

47,500 

1914 

7 

1914 



1914 

10 

1914 

5,000 

» 



1915 

5,000 

1915 

53 

1916 

57,500 

— 

— 

1917 

57,500 

1915 

67 




Extra Appropriations. 

the support and main¬ 
tenance of said School 
and for keeping up and 
maintaining the library 
of same.” 


$4,874.75 ‘‘For repaying amounts 
expended in furnishing, 
equipping and putting 
into use the Carnegie 
Library for the student 
body.” 


In addition to the sum 
appropriated in the Gen¬ 
eral Appropriation Act 
of 1911. 


$15,000 ‘‘For repairing and ad¬ 
ding to buildings and 
heating plant of the 
State Normal School.” 

_ To supplement the Gen¬ 
eral Appropriation Act 
of 1913. 


$4,500 For Infirmary. 

‘‘Whereas, Elijah Clarke 
Chapter of the Daugh¬ 
ters of the American 
Revolution of Athens 
has given to the said 
State Normal School the 
sum of $700, more or 
less, to be applied to 
an Infirmary, provided 
the State should in¬ 
crease that amount to 
at least $5,000.” 



















52 HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


1916 

8 



100,000 To build new dormi¬ 
tory and auditorium and 
administration building. 

1917 

26 

1918 

67,500 


— 

_— 

1919 

67,500 

• 

1919 

12 

1920 

70,000 


— 

-__ 

1921 

70,000 


1921 

36 

1922 

63,000 


1921 

— 

1922 

30,000 

To pay salaries of teach- 
ers and officers to Sept. 


1921. A deficiency ap¬ 
propriation. 


$1,085,500 $186,374.75 















CHAPTER VII. 

Gifts to the State Normal School. 

From the very beginning of the School there have been in¬ 
dividuals and organizations that have believed in the mission 
and the purposes for which it was established and have placed 
their efforts and their money at the disposal of the authorities 
in charge of its affairs. In fact, for the first three years of 
the existence of the State Normal School, it was supported 
entirely with gifts from friends who were concerned with se¬ 
curing better trained teachers for the rural schools. Not only 
has it been true that this School was begun with gifts, but it 
has been in no small degree, through such generosity that has 
enabled it to grow so rapidly and so quickly into a large teacher 
training institution. 

The land on which the State Normal School is located and the 
oldest building on the campus, now known as Gilmer Hall, 
were gifts from the Trustees of the Universiy of Georgia. The 
Trustees also gave to the school at the same time a fund left 
by the late Governor George R. Gilmer, which amounted to 
$15,000.00. The income from this fund which was supplemented 
with a few other gifts made it possible to open and carry on 
the work of the school for the first three years of its ex¬ 
istence. 

The old building, which at first completely housed the work 
of the school as well as most of its students, had not been used 
for many years and of course needed repairs as well as some 
furniture. The City Council of Athens gave $500.00 in 1892, 
which supplied the “Rock College” as it was then called, with 
wire cots, tables, chairs, buckets and other necessary articles 
of furniture. 

During the summer sessions and from time to time after¬ 
wards, the school received substantial contributions from the 
Peabody Educational Fund. This came from an Educational 
Fund left by George Peabody. Dr. J. L. M. Curry was the 
agent for the Trustees. From this source, this school has 
received $21,175.00. 


54 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Clarke county, through the Grand Jury made three appro¬ 
priations to the State Normal School. Since the Legislature 
made no appropriation for the State Normal School the Grand 
Jury at the request of Dr. William E. Boggs, gave $400.00 in 
1893 to aid in financing the school during the summer. The 
following year, at the request of the Commission, the Grand 
Jury gave $750.00, provided an eight weeks session would be 
held. Captain Bradwell appeared before the Grand Jury in 
1896 and secured $300.00 to purchase tents in order to provide 
sleeping quarters for the young men. 

The citizens of Athens, through private subscriptions, raised 
$537.00 to aid in the operation of a summer session. 

Mr. George Foster Peabody has been very generous to the 
School. In 1901 he gave $2,000.00 to pay the salaries of the 
domestic science teachers. The following year he gave $1,000.00 
to better equip the Domestic Science Laboratory, and $1,000.00 
to supply equipment for an experimental psychology labora¬ 
tory. He also gave the gymnasium equipment. Mr. Peabody 
built and furnished the Muscogee Elementary Training School 
at a cost of $11,754.50, and gave $10,000.00 towards the erection 
of the Smith building. In 1906 he spent about $2,000.00 in hav¬ 
ing a topographical survey made of the campus. 

The Daughters of the Confederacy gave $14,590.67 towards 
the completion of the Winnie Davis Memorial Hall. The build¬ 
ing cost when completed and furnished $25,090.67. The Gen¬ 
eral Education Board gave $4,500.00, the remaining $6,000.00 
coming from State funds. 

At a meeting of the Daughters of the Confederacy in Rome, 
Ga., 1898, Mrs. Rounsaville suggested the practicability of es¬ 
tablishing an industrial and educational memorial in connection 
with one of the State institutions. A resolution was offered by 
Mrs. Sexton of Savannah, and was unanimously carried, to the 
effect that a fund be raised for the purpose of establishing 
an educational and industrial memorial to the Daughter of the 
Confederacy, this fund to be placed in charge of a committee 
to be appointed by the President. 55 

Mrs. Rounsaville read a letter from Mr. J. Harris Chappell, 

Page M 9 nUteS ° f tbe Georgia Division of the Daughters of the Confederacy, 1898. 





GIFTS TO THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


55 


President of the Georgia Normal and Industrial School, ap¬ 
proving the plan and suggested that it be placed at Milledge- 
ville. Miss Mildred Rutherford called attention at this time 
to the advantages of having this memorial placed at the State 
Normal School. 56 

At a meeting of the Daughter^ of the Confederacy held in 
Athens, Oct. 11-13, 1899, the recommendations of a committee 
was unanimously approved that reported favorably on locating 
the memorial at the State Normal School. Especially was this 
agreeable to the committee since subscriptions from the citi¬ 
zens of Athens amounted to $2,000.00; and $562.75 from Cap¬ 
tain Bradwell, and the teachers and students of the State 
Normal School. 57 

The Athens Banner, in speaking about this building, says: 
“One year ago when the Convention had almost decided to es¬ 
tablish the Memorial elsewhere, Miss Mildred Rutherford se¬ 
cured a postponement of the matter in order to give the State 
Normal School a chance.” 58 “It was Miss Mildred Rutherford 
who inspired the application made by the State Normal School 
for the Winnie Davis Memorial,” says Miss Isma Dooly in the 
Atlanta Constitution. 59 

Below is a report of Mrs. Ida Evans Eve, Treasurer of the 
Winnie Davis Memorial Fund, who rendered a valuable 
service for this cause. 

April 1 1900 to October 24, 1903. 60 


Receipts. 

1902 

Dec. 10. From S. A. Cunningham, Nashville-$ 10.00 

Dec. 22. From Miss K. C. Stiles, Richmond- 1.00 

1903 

April 11. From General Education Board- 4,500.00 

Sept. 3. From Mrs. Taylor, Richmond, Va- 5.00 

From State of Georgia appropriation- 6,000.0(1 

Oct. 24. From First Congressional District- 1,780.50 

From Second Congressional District- 299.35 


56 Minutes of the Georgia Division of the Daughters of the Confederacy, 1898. 

57 Minutes of the Georgia Division of the Daughters of the Confederacy, 1899. 
Page 42-43. 

58 The Athens Banner. October 13, 1899. 

59 The Atlanta Constitution. October 15, 1899. 

60 Minutes of the Georgia Division of tne Daughters of the Confederacy, 1903. 
Page 22. 


« 











56 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


From Third Congressional District- 252.00 

From Fourth Congressional District- 47 5.9 7 

From Fifth Congressional District- 2,016.41 

From Sixth Congressional District- 7 68.05 

From Seventh Congressional District- 659.66 

From Eighth Congressional District- 1,550.09 

From State Normal School- 582.47 

From City of Athens- 1,716.00 3,848.56 

From Ninth Congressional District- 234.45 

Tenth Congressional District- 921.00 

From C. E. Choate_ 428.96 1,349.96 

From Eleventh Congressional District- 150.00 

From Interest on Bank Deposits- 227.60 


Total_$22,578.51 

Disbursements. 

1903 

Oct. 24. Paid Chas. E. Choate, Architect_$ 1,070.96 

Paid W. J. Beeland, Contractor_ 20,863.03 

Paid Plumber’s Bill_ 1.00 

Paid Insurance_ 104.00 

Envelopes, printing and stamps used in Me- 

moralizing legislation_ 26.00 

Collector at Athens, commissions_ 5.85 


$22,578.51 

Supplementary Explanatory Statement. 

Dr. 

To contract price of building-$21,419.25 

To blinds and extra electric wiring_ 3 60.00 

To architect- 1,070.96 

To insurance, stationary and printing_ 130.00 

To Commissions and plumbing_ 6.85 


Total-$22,987.06 

Cr. 

Paid out as above_$22,070.84 

Cash in Bank Building Fund_ 457.65 

$22,528.51 


Balance to be provided for_$ 458.55 

After the Winnie Davis Memorial Hall was built it became 
necessary to furnish the rooms. This was done by allowing 
various chapters to furnish one or more rooms, and also select 





































GIFTS TO THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


57 


the students that occupy the rooms. The following is a list of 
the Chapters furnishing* rooms and the amount expended: 

Abbeville Chapter, $53.00; Americus Chapter, $60.00; At¬ 
lanta Chapter, $65.00; Atlanta Chapter, (Children of the Con¬ 
federacy), $62.00; Athens (Children of the Confederacy under 
direction of Mrs. A. E. Crawford) furnished the Winnie Davis 
parlor, $138.00; Athens, Laura Rutherford Chapter, $68.00; 
Athens, Cobb-DeLoney Veterans, $50.00; Athens, Mrs. W. R. 
Welch, for the Pinkey Welch room, $60.00; Athens, Miss Emma 
Long for the Crawford Long room, $75.00; Augusta Chapter, 
$80.00; Brunswick, Clement A. Evans Chapter, $55.00; Buford 
and Hartwell, Bill Arp room, $60.00; Carrollton, Annie Wheel¬ 
er Chapter, $60.00 ; Cedartown Chapter, $60.00 ; Conyers Chapt¬ 
er, $60.00; Columbus, Lizzie Rutherford Chapter, $55.00; Da¬ 
rien Chapter, $59.00; Dublin, Oconee Chapter, $55.00; Elberton, 
Jefferson Davis Chapter, $60.00; Fort Valley, Chas. D. Ander¬ 
son Chapter, $60.00; Gainesville, Longstreet Chapter,_; 

Gainesville, C. C. Sanders Chapter,_; Lawrenceville 

Chapter, $65.00; Rome Chapter, _; Sparta Chapter, 

_; Savannah, Charter Chapter and Children’s Chapter, 

3 rooms, $162.00; Waycross, Frances Bartow,_; Way- 

cross, Children’s Chapter, $60.00; Waynesboro, Margaret Jones 
Chapter,_ 

According to the Treasurer’s report in October, 1905, 
$25,090.67 had been spent on the Winnie Davis Memorial, 
which included the furnishing of the rooms and a supply of 
rugs. 61 

In addition to the $4,500.00 just referred to, the General 
Education Board gave $15,000.00 to the Scholarship fund. 
Also there was secured for the Scholarship fund $20,456.42 
through individual subscriptions. The money was raised large¬ 
ly through an organized effort in each Congressional District 
of the State, although quite a number of scholarships were 
secured from northern States. Mr. Branson directed the work 
of this campaign. 

Mr. Robert C. Ogden equipped the Domestic Science Labora¬ 
tory when this department was established. He requested Miss 

61 Minutes of the Georgia Division of the Daughters of the Confederacy, 1905. 
Page 50. 












58 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Jane E. Taylor, who was then head of this department, to come 
to New York during a vacation, when Mr. Ogden authorized 
her to select the equipment needed for her department. He 
also gave $1,500.00 when this department was moved into the 
Smith Building in 1906, in order to more completely supply 
the needs of the school. 

Representative Thomas J. Shackelford secured an appro¬ 
priation of $25,000.00 from the State, provided $25,000.00 could 
be secured from other sources which would make a fund of 
$50,000.00 for building purposes. In June, after this condi¬ 
tional appropriation had been made, Mr. H. J. Rowe called 
on Hon. George Foster Peabody, who was in the office of 
Chancellor Hill. Mr. Rowe explained the needs of the State 
Normal School and stated that as President of the Board of 
Trustees, he expected to get subscriptions to match the State 
funds. After listening for some time to Mr. Rowe, Mr. Pea¬ 
body said: “Rowe, if you will get a native Georgian to give 
ten thousand dollars, I will give the same amount or as much 
more as any one Georgian will give.” 

Mr. Rowe went at once to see Dr. J. S. Stewart, who had 
visited Col. James M. Smith on many occasions to induce him 
to make donations for educational purposes. Col. Smith was 
at this time a candidate for governor, and Mr. Rowe helped 
to conduct his campaign. So, it was decided that Mr. Stewart 
and Mr. Rowe should make an effort to get Col. Smith to give 
ten thousand dollars. After some deliberation Col. Smith gave 
the amount asked and one of the buildings erected with the 
$50,000.00 fund was named for him. 

Mr. Peabody and Col. Smith gave ten thousand dollars each, 
but there still remained five thousand dollars to be raised in 
order to get the $25,000.00 from the State. Hon. R. E. Davi¬ 
son, Mr. H. J. Rowe and Hon. Thomas J. Shackelford were able 
to secure in Athens over three thousand dollars towards the 
$5,000.00. 

The Elijah Clarke Chapter of the Daughters of the American 
Revolution conceived the idea of building an infirmary for the 
school and contributed $650.00 towards this building. The 
State appropriated $4,500.00 as a result of the efforts of the 
Elijah Clarke Chapter. 






GIFTS TO THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


59 


Miss Ida Young, who died in 1919, but who began teaching 
in the school in 1897, left $1,500.00 to the Y. W. C. A. as a 
scholarship fund to help those members who might be in need 
of financial assistance. Miss Young organized the Y. W. C. A. 
and for more than twenty years served the State Normal School 
in a most unselfish manner. 

In the spring of 1921, when it looked as if the School would 
have to close for lack of funds, Mrs. G. A. Mell conceived 
the idea of asking the women of Georgia to contribute one dol¬ 
lar each on Mother’s Day, so that this institution could com¬ 
plete the year’s work. Although only $1,629.00 were raised in 
this manner, the campaign created considerable comment, the 
newspapers gave considerable publicity to it and in this way, 
doubtless resulted in much favorable interest and support for 
the School. The money that was raised was placed in a sepa¬ 
rate account in a bank and has been loaned to the State ac¬ 
count to pay the salaries of the teachers. 

Many thousands of dollars have been given in the form of 
scholarships by individuals, a complete list of which can not 
be secured, and in many instances the donors do not wish their 
names to be made known. In recent years, it sometimes hap¬ 
pens that a student, who is so fortunate as to secure money 
through a scholarship fund, may not know from whom the 
gift or loan has been secured. There is a need for a larger 
permanent fund, from which worthy girls may borrow in order 
to complete their education. 

Below is a list of the gifts to the State Normal School which 

shows the year received and by whom given: 

1891 10 acres of land by the Trustees of the University 
of Georgia, altogether about 30 acres were re¬ 


linquished which they valued at-$ 10,000.00 

1891 Gilmer Hall cost when built (1860)- 23,000.00 

1892 The George R. Gilmer Fund- 15,000.00 

1892 The City of Athens- 500.00 

1892 The Peabody Educational Fund- 800.00 

1892 The County Institute Fund- 125.00 

1893 Clarke County- 400.00 

1893 Citizens of Athens (Private subscriptions)- 537.00 

1894 Clarke County- 750.00 

1896 Clarke County (For tents)- 300.00 

1897 The Peabody Educational Fund- 1,500.00 
















60 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


1899 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 1,600.00 

1899 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 3,150.00 

1901 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 1,300.00 

1901 George Foster Peabody_ 2,000.00 

1902 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 2,000.00 

1902 The Daughters of the Confederacy_ 14,590.67 

1902 George Foster Peabody_ 2,000.00 

1902 George Foster Peabody_ 11,754.50 

1902 The General Eduation Board (Winnie Davis)_ 4,500.00 

1903 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 2,200.00 

1904 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 1,000.00 

1902-03-04 The General Education Board (Scholarships) 15,000.00 
1902-03-04 Private Subscriptions (Scholarships)_ 20,457.42 

1905 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 2,500.00 

1906 George Foster Peabody_ 10,000.00 

1906 George Foster Peabody_ 2,000.00 

1906 James M. Smith_ 10,000.00 

1906 Robert C. Ogden_ 1,500.00 

1906 Miscellaneous small subscriptions_ 4,482.46 

1907 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 2,500.00 

1908 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 1,500.00 

1910 Andrew Carnegie_ 25,000.00 

1911 The Peabody Educational Fund_ 1,000.00 

1916 Elijah Clarke Chapter D. A. R___ 650.00 

1919 Miss Ida Young, Y. W. C. A. Scholarships_ 1,500.00 

1921 Mother’s Day Campaign (conducted by Mrs. G. 

A. Mell- 1,629.00 


$198,726.05 




























CHAPTER VIII. 

Organizations 

A very large part of the value of student life comes from 
such organizations as they themselves originate and control. 
There have never been any Greek letter fraternities in this 
institution, but there have been many and various other or¬ 
ganizations that have been founded upon noble purposes and 
have helped to enrich the life of the student body. The socie¬ 
ties that have been organized by the men have disappeared, 
for in recent years, there have been only a small number of 
male students in the School. In 1906 there existed the Jeffer¬ 
sonian Literary Society (for boys) ; the Freshman Boy’s De¬ 
bating Society and the Y. M. C. A. had many enthusiastic 
members. 


The Young Women’s Christian Association 

The Young Women’s Christian Association at the State 
Normal School is the outgrowth of the religious work done 
by Miss Ida Young, who became a member of the Faculty in 
1897. Miss Young had charge of the Bible study and devo¬ 
tional exercises in the evening for several years. In 1900 the 
Association became affiliated with the Gulf States Territory, 
and in 1906 it became a charter member of the National or¬ 
ganization of the Young Women’s Christian Association. 

Miss Willie Fagan was employed as the Secretary in 1910 
and served in this capacity until 1913, when Miss Moina 
Michael was elected to this position. 

The purpose of the Young Women’s Christian Association 
at this institution, through its social life, Bible study, missioil 
study and inter-collegiate relationships, is to promote the spirit 
of Christian living and thinking among the students and to 
train them for Christian work. 

Much emphasis is placed on the study of the Bible by the 
Association. Courses have been arranged for each class in the 
School, and a very large per cent of the student body volun¬ 
tarily attend the classes. The State Normal School won second 


62 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


honor in Bible study at the Panama Exposition in a National 
Contest conducted by the Young Women’s Christian Associa¬ 
tion in 1915. In the study of missions and social welfare this 
school received first honor in a similar contest at the Panama 
Exposition. 

To the student that memorizes certain portions of the New 
Testament, Mrs. Helen Gould Shepperd gives a student’s Bible. 
The students in this School have won 246 of these Bibles. 

The Altioria Literary Society 

In 1906 there existed at the State Normal School, the Girl’s 
Literary Society. President E. C. Branson suggested that bet¬ 
ter work could be done if there were two societies instead of 
one. The plan was adopted by the girls and two societies were 
organized: one was given the name of Altioria, and the other 
was called Mildred Rutherford. 

The Altioria Literary Society w T as organized in 1906 with 
Alice Smith as President. Black and blue were the colors 
adopted by the society and the owl was selected as the symbol. 
Altioria is a Latin word and means “higher things.” The 
name was suggested by Mr. D. L. Earnest. The Motto Ex¬ 
celsior was also chosen at this time. 

Bessie Miller was elected as the next president of the Society 
and Erna Proctor was the third leader. During the presidency 
of Mollie Snellings in 1910-11 the society grew rapidly. A 
successful play was given and the money raised was used to 
buy books for the library that had been started by the society. 

This society gives a play sometime during the school year 
and the money made in this manner is usually given to worthy 
enterprises. Their monthly programs are varied, but usually 
consist of readings and music. A wholesome atmosphere per¬ 
vades the meetings of the society, and part of each meeting is 
given over to an informal reception when refreshments are 
served. 


The Mildred Rutherford Literary Society 

The Mildred Rutherford Literary Society was organized in 
1906, and named in honor of Miss Mildred Rutherford, an 
example of the highest type of womanhood. As sponsor for 





ORGANIZATIONS 


63 


this organization, this lady has had a far reaching influence 
among the members of this society. 

The aim of the society is to develop the literary phase of 
the student life through the creation of an interest in and an 
appreciation for literature, music and art. The betterment of 
the social life of the school is the result of the activities of 
such organizations, and it is in this connection that some of 
the closest friendships are formed, which exist not only during 
the college days, but remain through many long years. 

There were forty-eight enthusisatic members the first year 
of the existence of the society. The membership has steadily 
grown from year to year, and at the beginning of the 1922-23 
session three hundred members had been enrolled. 

In proportion to the increased membership the work and 
purpose of the society have broadened. The room has been 
greatly improved and the few books that belonged to the 
society have grown into a library of helpful and well chosen 
books which are now in the Carnegie Library at the disposal of 
the entire student body. 

The programs of the society consist of readings, music and 
informal gatherings with refreshments. In addition to the 
development of an appreciation of music and literature, the 
society helps in no small way to develop leadership among its 
members. 


The Georgia Club 

About 1910, Mr. E. C. Branson, who was then President of 
the State Normal School, became interested in the study of 
Georgia. He believed that the teacher should be a leader in 
the community in which she taught, but also in order to be a 
leader, she must know and understand accurately the prob¬ 
lems and conditions with which she must deal. He conse¬ 
quently thought that an intensive study of the State and 
especially of the home county an invaluable aid to the teacher 
in training, so that she may be of the greatest usefulness to 
the community. Mr. Branson was the first to emphasize the 
importance of such a study in teacher-training institutions. 

The Georgia Club was organized in 1911, and was an or¬ 
ganization of teachers and students devoted to the study of 




64 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Georgia, her people, her resources, her activities and institu¬ 
tions, her achievements in the past, her opportunities in the 
present, and her possibilities in the future. 

It was believed by the leader of the Club that the study 
of the home State and the home county were proper subjects 
for a school curriculum; that exact information about one’s 
own community and people arouses sympathetic concern and 
civic conscience, and therefore furnishes a definite and sure 
foundation for social service and efficient citizenship. The 
Club quickly settled down, after its organization, into a 
study of the near and the now, the significance of the com¬ 
munity occupations and businesses, the forces and agencies 
that are offering obstacles or creating opportunities in the 
field of social service to which they as teachers were consecrat¬ 
ing themselves. 

Two years after the Club was organized, it consisted of 
one hundred and forty-one students and fifteen members of the 
Faculty. The members of the Club soon became very much 
interested in the work they had undertaken, and they studied 
very carefully the census returns for 1900 and 1910, the re¬ 
ports of capitol officials, the county tax digest, the minutes 
of church associations, the library section on Georgia, and 
every other available source of authoritative information about 
the State. 

The county groups of students and the Faculty members 
began to draw 10-year balance sheets for their home counties, 
showing in detail the gains and losses during the past census 
decade in (1) population, (2) agriculture, (3) industries and 
business, (4) wealth and taxation, (5) public roads, (6) public 
sanitation, (7) schools, and (8) churches. The first economic 
and social survey ever made of a county was that of Henry 
county, Georgia, by a member of this Club. The County Board 
of Education had this survey printed in bulletin form for use 
in the schools of the county. 

By 1913, fifty-one such county surveys had been completed. 
These reports had been reviewed by intelligent alert people 
in the home counties and published in the county newspapers. 
These reports contained the kind of information about the 
counties that had never before reached the public prints. 






ORGANIZATIONS 


65 


They encouraged or alarmed the thoughtful people in these 
counties. 

During the first few years of the existence of the Georgia 
Club the following bulletins were published by it: A Fifty- 
Year Survey of Southern Agriculture; Farm Life Conditions 
in the South; Brief Economic and Social Surveys of Clarke, 
Putnam, Fulton and Bibb Counties; Our Country Life Prob¬ 
lem; Country Life Defenses; Denmark’s Remedies; Education 
and Cooperation; Small Farm Ownership; The Church as a 
Country Life Defense; The Rights of the Child; The Geog¬ 
raphy of Georgia Soils (Merrill) ; the Country School of Per¬ 
manent Influence; and The Georgia Club Syllabus: Section I, 
on Population; Georgia Farms and Folks; Farm Tenancy in 
the South; Production of Food and Feed in the Southern 
States. 

In May, 1912, the Trustees of the School established a Chair 
of Rural Economics and Sociology as a background and for¬ 
mal support for the efforts of the Club. This new chair was 
established because the work that the Club was doing was 
fundamentally important, and because it called for more time 
than the President of the School could give to it. So Presi¬ 
dent E. C. Branson retired from his old position in order to 
give his undivided efforts to this new work. 

Mr. E. C. Branson was head of the department of Rural 
Economics and Sociology, and conducted the Georgia Club for 
two years, with the same aims and purposes that caused him 
to create the Club. 

This department was filled by Mr. F. A. Merrill in 1914 when 
Mr. Branson left to take up similar work in the University of 
North Carolina. In the spring of 1918 Mr. Merrill left the 
School to take up work with the Red Cross and Mr. Harold D. 
Meyer was employed to continue the work in' the department 
of Rural Economics and Sociology. In the fall of 1921, Mr. 
Meyer accepted a position with the University of North Caro¬ 
lina and no work was done in this department during the 
year 1921-22. 

In the fall of 1922 the departments of Agriculture and Rural 
Economics and Sociology were combined. This work is now 
under the direction of E. S. Sell and Miss Mary M. Woods, who 






66 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


are carrying out, as near as possible, the original purposes of 
the Club. 

Although the Georgia Club idea originated at the State Nor¬ 
mal School, many Universities and colleges have since put in 
courses or departments that carry out the original ideas of 
the Georgia Club. This work was of course offered in the 
University of North Carolina next, where it is now carried 
out on a broad scale with several teachers and generous ap¬ 
propriations. 

The University of Virginia and the University of South Caro¬ 
lina have instituted such work based on the Georgia Club 
bulletins and in the middle and far West, the interest is even 
greater than it is in the Eastern part of the country. 02 

The Alumni-ae Association 

The Alumni-ae Association at the State Normal School was 
organized in 1905. Miss Laura M. Smith was elected presi¬ 
dent, and Miss Alice Prichard was elected vice-president; 
however, during the first few years of the existence of th 
Association, Miss Prichard assumed the responsibility of the 
presiding officer and took an active interest in getting the As¬ 
sociation organized on a permanent basis. President E. C. 
Branson suggested that the name should be Alumni-ae Associa¬ 
tion which met the approval of the organization. 

All graduates of the school are active members of the Asso¬ 
ciation, and all persons who have at any time been students 
of the school, are associate members. 

The aims and purposes of the Association are: A closer 
union of the alumni-ae; to provide a scholarship fund; to dis¬ 
seminate the ideas for which the school stands; to promote the 
interest of the Normal School. 

The scholarship fund amounts to fifteen hundred dollars, 
and the Association has been instrumental in securing appro¬ 
priations from the Legislature, getting publicity for the school 
and it has rendered a valuable service by getting some of the 
choicest high school graduates interested in this institution and 
the profession of teaching. 

62 For a more complete discussion of the Georgia Club and a typical County 
Survey see Bulletin No. 23. 1913. United States Bureau of Education. The 
Georgia Club at the State Normal School, Athens, Ga. E. C. Branson. 






ORGANIZATIONS 


67 


The Association has had only four presidents, as follows: 
Miss Laura Smith, Miss Alice Prichard, Miss Chloe Loyd and 
Miss Kate Hicks. 


The Round Table 

In the spring of 1904, the President of the School divided 
the students into sections, and gave one section to each teacher. 
The purpose of this plan was the social development of the 
students and the creation in them of a greater appreciation of 
literature and art. Mr. D. L. Earnest was given one section and 
he selected Saturday night as the time for the meeting. The 
purpose of dividing the student body into small groups was 
to enable the teachers to be helpful and advise the students 
more in detail about their reading. At the first meeting of the 
Round Table only six students were present. The teacher told 
the story of the Great Stone Face. 

The meetings at first were held in the library which was 
then in Gilmer Hall. The programs became so interesting to 
the students that in a very short time the room was filled at 
each meeting. The lack of formality and/ pleasant surround¬ 
ings made it extremely easy to carry out the programs and 
attracted a large number of students. 

The manner in which the meetings were conducted was 
unique. The appearance of the president was a signal for or¬ 
der and the first thing done was to arrange a program for the 
following meeting. The programs were usually suggested by 
the president. Volunteers were easily secured to tell the stories, 
or to take the lead in any discussion. 

The programs consisted of readings, current events, and 
music. Usually there was some special aim in view in the se¬ 
lection of the literature. The report of current events has 
been an interesting feature of the meetings, and was con¬ 
ducted by some one who had been appointed at the previous 
meeting. 

For many years the Round Table has rendered a distinct 
service to the students at the State Normal School. At the 
end of each week these informal gatherings were found to be 
not only beneficial, but were a source of pleasure. The meet- 



68 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


mgs of the Round Table during the present school year have 
been conducted in an entirely new manner. 

Instead of telling a story and discussing the current events, 
motion pictures are shown and the musical programs are ob¬ 
tained over the radio from various parts of the country. 

L’Alliance Francaise 

One of the distinctive features of the French courses has 
been the opportunity of the students to become affiliated with 
the L’Alliance Francaise, an organization composed of those 
familiar with and interested in the French language, both in 
this school and other educational institutions in the city. It 
was organized in 1920, and the meetings are held once a month, 
at which time prominent French scholars address the society 
on subjects of general interest. This organization has been 
the means of creating a greater interest in and a wider knowl¬ 
edge of the French language. 

The Honorary President of the L’Alliance Francaise (Athens 
group) is Chancellor D. C. Barrow, of the University; and 
the President, Professor J. Lustrat, head of the department of 
Romance Languages at the University of Georgia and at the 
State Normal School. 

The Athletic Association 

The Athletic Association was organized in September, 1904, 
under the direction of Miss Maude C. Kathan. Considerable 
interest was manifested in the work of the Association and it 
grew rapidly. 

The organization depended upon voluntary subscriptions as 
a means of support and most of the work was done to develop a 
school team. Basketball was the form of athletics that received 
the most attention during the early days. 

In 1915, the Athletic Association was reorganized and has 
grown steadily; now the majority of students in the School are 
enrolled as members. The dues paid by each member is the 
source of support. 

The purpose of this organization is to promote and direct 
the athletics of the School. Mass Athletics have been devel¬ 
oped to a considerable degree, for the object is to develop 




ORGANIZATIONS 


69 


physically as many as possible rather than have a few very 
highly trained. 

Under the direction of the teachers of Physical Education, 
Miss Lura Strong and Miss Edith Guill, class teams have been 
organized in volleyball, basketball, and numerous track events. 
Tennis tournaments and Field Day contests are the most exit¬ 
ing events of the School year. 

A new Athletic Field has been fully equipped and is main¬ 
tained by the Athletic Association. Until 1920 no colors had 
been selected or motto adopted. In that year, the colors, dark 
blue and maroon were chosen as official colors, and the motto, 
“Health is Wealth,” was adopted. The corn flower, with its 
hardy strength, was chosen as a fitting symbol of the spirit of 
the Athletic Association. 

Hikes, recreation hours, and informal entertainments, to¬ 
gether with the more strenuous activities make the Athletic 
Association a most valuable and interesting phase of the stu¬ 
dent life. 


Glee Club 

The purpose of thisi organization is recreative, as well 
as to afford an opportunity for study of classical composi¬ 
tions. Inasmuch as the Glee Club stands for a development 
of the higher understanding and appreciation of music, and 
since the chorus material is the chief means of this develop¬ 
ment, the selection of musical literature worthy of study is one 
of the first aims. 

It is also the aim to establish in the minds of the students 
a group of art types in music which will provide them with a 
cultural knowledge and appreciation of music. 

Through the participation in this work, an effort is made to 
develop the technical and interpretive skill and acquaint the 
students with extensive and interesting literature, so that they 
may come to a full and sympathetic understanding and recog¬ 
nition of rich beauty in composition, artistic tone quality, and 
musical interpretation. 

The Glee Club was first organized about 1905, and gives 
concerts annually, and from time to time assists at other 
functions of the School. 





70 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


STUDENT PUBLICATIONS 
The Annual 

The first Annual was published in 1905-06, and was called 
the Levana. An Annual has been printed almost every year 
since the first one was published, but the name was changed 
a few years ago to the Crystal. The Seniors publish the An¬ 
nual and the editors are elected from the members of this 
class. 


The Normal Light 

The Normal Light is the student paper and is printed twice 
a month. It made its appearance in 1917, and was until 1922, 
issued in newspaper style. It now comes in the form of a maga¬ 
zine. It carries all general school news, society items, edito¬ 
rials, news about the literary societies and the Y. AY. C. A., as 
well as short stories. The editors are elected from the student 
body and all the articles for the papers are criticised by a 
member of the Faculty. 



CHAPTER IX. 


The Buildings on the Campus 

An account of the buildings at the State Normal School will 
be given in order to show why they were so named and how 
the funds were secured to build them. These facts make an 
interesting story, and at the same time show that the School 
has always had friends, who have believed in its great mission, 
or it would not have received such generous support from so 
many sources. 

Gilmer Hall 

This building was erected in 1860, by the Trustees of the 
University of Georgia, and was donated to the State Normal 
School in 1891. It was known as “Rock College” for many 
years because it was built of rock that had been secured within 
a short distance of where the building is located. At first 
the State Normal School was completely housed in this one 
building, but it is now used exclusively as a dormitory. It 
was named for the late Governor George R. Gilmer, as the 
income from a fund left by his will was used to aid in found¬ 
ing the State Normal School. 

Bradwell Hall 

In 1896 this building was completed as a two-story structure, 
and the third floor was added the following year. The build¬ 
ing as it was erected at first was made possible with appropria¬ 
tions from the Legislature, but the third floor was added with 
the amounts that the teachers of the School had deducted from 
their salaries. At first, part of the lower floor was used as a 
dining hall and the other part of the building was used as a 
dormitory for young men. It is now used entirely as a girl’s 
dormitory. It was named for Captain S. D. Bradwell, who 
was the second President of the school. 

The President’s Cottage 

The President’s Cottage was built in 1897, at a cost of 
$1,920.57. This is an attractive home and is located at the 
east end of Gilmer Hall, on Oglethorpe avenue. 


72 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Old Auditorium 

With appropriations from the Legislature, this building was 
erected in 1898. It is two stories high, with an auditorium on 
the first floor and class rooms above. The student body became 
so large, that it could not be seated in this old building, and 
the Legislature was appealed to for a larger auditorium. The 
chapel exercises and other important assemblies are now held 
in the Pound Auditorium, but the class rooms are still used in 
the Old Auditorium and the lower floor is used for many gath¬ 
ering in which the entire student body is not interested. 

Muscogee Elementary Training School 

George Foster Peabody gave the money to build and equip 
this building. It was finished in 1902. A well organized School 
of eight grades is carried on in this building to give the Senior 
class practice in teaching before they are allowed to graduate. 
The building was so named because Muscogee is Mr. Peabody’s 
native county. 


The V/innie Davis Memorial Hall 

The Daughters of the Confederacy planned this building to 
perpetuate the memory of Winnie Davis, the daughter of 
Jefferson Davis. It was very largely through the efforts of 
this organization that this attractive dormitory was made pos¬ 
sible. It was completed in 1902, and various Chapters of the 
Daughters of the Confederacy maintain rooms in the build¬ 
ing, and make appointments of the students to occupy the 
rooms. New students secure rooms in this dormitory by apply¬ 
ing to such Chapters as have furnished rooms. 

Smith Building 

This building was completed in 1906. It was made possible 
through gifts from James M. Smith, George Foster Peabody, 
an appropriation from the State, the Faculty and a number 
of small donations from individuals. It contains class rooms 
and administrative offices, and was named for the late James 
M. Smith. 





THE BUILDINGS ON THE CAMPUS 


73 


Dining 1 Hall 

The Dining Hall was built at the same time that the Smith 
Building was being built. The funds for this building were 
raised at the same time; in other words the money came from 
the same source and a sufficient amount was secured to build 
both buildings. The first floor is used as a dining hall and 
the second floor is known as Senior Hall and is used as a dor¬ 
mitory. 


The Rural School 

This is a modern one-room rural school building on the 
campus to give the Seniors practice in teaching in a country 
school. The building is well lighted and heated, and complete 
in every detail. The children come from the country, thus 
making it a rural school from every point of view. It was 
built in 1911. 


The Dairy Barn 

The School has a farm on the Oconee river, about two miles 
from the campus. The dairy barn was built in 1914, and is 
large enough to accommodate seventy cows. Dairy products 
and vegetables for the dining hall are largely supplied from 
this farm. The farm was purchased in two lots: one lot con¬ 
taining 179 acres was bought January 6, 1913, for the sum of 
$4,420.46, and the other part was secured January 10, 1917, 
for $1,783.00, and contained thirty-five and sixty-six one hund¬ 
redths acres; making a total of two hundred and fourteen and 
sixty-six one hundredths acres. This farm was bought, 
equipped, and is operated without a cent from the State. 

Infirmary 

The Infirmary was built in 1916, as the result of the efforts 
of the Elijah Clarke Chapter of the Daughters of the American 
Revolution. These ladies gave $650.00 towards the erection of 
this building and the balance was appropriated by the General 
Assembly. It is a splendid little building with four wards, and 
an apartment for the nurse, and it is complete in every detail. 




74 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


The Practice Home 

This cottage was used as the infirmary until 1916, when the 
new infirmary was completed. It was then converted into the 
practice home under the direction of Miss Edna Randall. In 
this building the Seniors get practice in home-making, and in 
this way put into practice the theories studied in the class¬ 
room. 


Miller Hall 

With an appropriation from the State this splendid dormi¬ 
tory was completed in 1917. It is a two-story structure and is 
modern in every respect. It was named in honor of the Hon¬ 
orable B. S. Miller, who is President of the Board of Trustees 
of the School. 


Pound Auditorium 

This building was also finished in 1917, as an appropriation 
amounting to one hundred thousand dollars from the State was 
sufficient to build Miller Hall and the Pound Auditorium. This 
is also a splendid building and it contains an auditorium that 
will seat twenty-five hundred people, as well as a number of 
class-rooms and offices. The Auditorium was named for the 
President of the School. The corner stone of this building was 
laid by the Masons on April 17, 1917. Appropriate exercises 
were conducted by this secret order and addresses were made 
by Hon, B. S. Miller, President of the Board of Trustees, as 
well as some of the leading Masons of the State. 






CHAPTER X. 
The Presidents 


The State Normal School was founded thirty years ago, and 
any account of this institution would be incomplete without 
at least a sketch of the lives of the men who have guided its 
destiny. These men have worked, planned for and dreamed 
of more adequate facilities with which to train the teachers of 
the State. They have been tireless in their efforts and un¬ 
selfish in their devotion to build up the School. There have 
been only four Presidents, and a short account of each will 
be given, in the order in which they presided over this insti¬ 
tution. 


Lawton Bryan Evans 

Mr. Lawton Bryan Evans was born in Lumpkin, Stewart 
County, Georgia, October 17, 1862. He is the son of the late 
General Clement A. Evans, who did valiant service in the 
Confederate Army, and later was a prominent minister of the 
gospel and the Commander-in-Chief of the United Confederate 
Veterans. The Evans family originally came from Wales and 
settled in North Carolina during the Colonial period. 

When Mr. Lawton B. Evans was but a few months old, his 
mother took him to Virginia to be near her soldier husband. 
After the war the family returned to Lumpkin, and shortly 
afterwards his father decided to abandon the practice of law 
and farming, and to become a Methodist minister, and as an 
itinerant minister’s family, the Evanses lived in Cartersville, 
Athens, Atlanta, Augusta and Rome. 

After attending school in several cities, Lawton Evans en¬ 
tered Richmond Academy, at Augusta, Ga. From this institu¬ 
tion, he went at the age of fifteen, to Emory College, at Oxford, 
Ga., and entered Sophomore class. He made a splendid record 
here, and graduated at the head of his class, although he was 
the youngest in the class. After graduation he went to the 
University of Georgia for one year and received a Master of 
Arts degree in 1881. He was but nineteen years of age at this 


76 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


time and probably the youngest man ever to have received such 
an honor at this old institution. 

While at the University he began work on a history of 
Georgia, designed for use in the public schools. This work 
was finished about a year later and published; since that time 
however, revised editions have occurred to keep it up to date. 
It was adopted as a State text-book in 1903. 

When Mr. Evans left the University, he went to Augusta to 
study law, but a vacancy occurred in one of the grammar 
schools to which he was elected. He, no doubt, looked upon 
this is a temporary means of support and would later take up 
the practice of law. A year later the office of superintendent 
of the schools became vacant and he was elected to fill this 
place on November 11, 1882. He at once became so interested 
in the cause of education that he laid his law books aside, and 
determined to spend the rest of his life in improving educa¬ 
tional conditions in the South. Mr. Evans is still superintend¬ 
ent of the schools of Augusta and Richmond county, which is 
a most remarkable record; having held this one position forty 
years. No other man in America has been superintendent of a 
large city school system for this length of time. 

When the State Normal School was established, in 1892, Mr. 
Evans was called to take charge and become its president 
during the summer sessions. He was president for three sum¬ 
mer sessions, each year adding to the popularity and efficiency 
of the School. When this institution received an annual ap¬ 
propriation from the State and consequently was able to hold 
longer sessions, Mr. Evans declined to continue as head of the 
School. 

In addition to the History of Georgia already mentioned, Mr. 
Evans is the author of a number of other books, which are as 
follows: Lectures on School Supervision; Elements of English 
Grammar; Elements of Language Lessons; Essential Facts of 
American History; First Lessons in American History; Farm 
Life Readers; Worth While Stories; America First; Old Time 
Tales ;Heroes of Isreal; Wonder Stories of the Old Testament; 
and other works for children. 

As a lecturer and platform speaker he has long been in de¬ 
mand, for his lectures on the various phases of education have 






THE PRESIDENTS 


77 


received the highest praise in the many summer schools 
throughout the South where he has appeared. His lectures 
are mainly on school supervision and the historical develop¬ 
ment of his profession. 

Mr. Evans married Miss Florence Eve Campbell, of Augusta, 
in 1887. His home is in Summerville, the main residential 
section of Augusta. 63 

Captain Samuel Dowse Bradwell 

Captain Samuel Dowse Bradwell was horn in Liberty Coun¬ 
ty, Georgia, on January 5, 1840, of parents who were members 
of the celebrated Midway Congregation. 

He attended a school conducted by his father, James Thorpe 
Bradwell, at Hinesville, in Liberty county, and after complet¬ 
ing his preparatory work there, entered Oglethorpe University, 
which was then located at Milledgeville, Georgia. While at 
Oglethorpe, he was a classmate and a fraternity mate of the 
poet Sidney Lanier, and also of those two famous artillery¬ 
men of Lee’s Army, Bob and Henry Pelham. One of his pro¬ 
fessors at Oglethorpe was Dr. Talmadge, father of the noted 
divine, Dr. T. DeWitt Talmadge, and another was Dr. Lane, 
who for many years was pastor of the Presbyterian church at 
Athens, Georgia. He graduated from Oglethorpe University 
with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the class of 1859. 

Like so many other young men, after his graduation, he 
began to teach school with a view of ultimately preparing him¬ 
self for the profession of law, little dreaming then that teach¬ 
ing would be his life work. He did study law, and was ad¬ 
mitted to the bar, but never practiced, for the War between 
the States called him to the service. He immediately enlisted 
and was elected captain of his company at the age of 21, and 
was known as “the boy captain of his regiment.” This com¬ 
pany was Company “H” of the 25th Georgia regiment of 
volunteers. 

His company was assigned to the command of Gen. Joseph 
E. Johnston, and he saw much service under that distinguished 
general. He was within eleven miles of Vicksburg when it 

63 Many of the facts obtained in this sketch were obtained from Men of 
Mark in Georgia. 1010-Northern. Also Who’s Who in America (1920-21) was 
freely used. 






78 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


surrendered; he fought through the entire battle of Chicka- 
mauga, emerging from that conflict with only six of his com¬ 
pany of sixty-six responding for duty. He fought all the way 
from Chiekamauga to Atlanta, participating in the battles of 
Ressaca, Bloody Angle, Dalton, Kennesaw Mountain and At¬ 
lanta. On the morning of the 22nd of July, 1864, in the battle 
of Atlanta, he was desperately wounded in his right leg by a 
piece of bombshell, which unfitted him for further service in 
the war and put him on crutches for two years thereafter. 
After being wounded, he was sent to his home in Liberty 
county, which was the center of a great many of the activities 
of the army of General Sherman. Confined to his bed on ac¬ 
count of his wound, he saw his family stripped of every pos¬ 
session. Even his side arms and uniform were confiscated by 
the Yankee soldiers. His father was dead, and he was the only 
support of his mother and sisters. In order to obtain food 
for the family, he conducted a school propped up in 
bed and took pay in provisions for his services. After 
his wound healed sufficiently for him to be up, but while he 
was still on crutches, he resumed teaching school, abandoning 
entirely his purpose of practicing law. While teaching school, 
he met and married Miss Lizzie Clifton, of Tatnall county, 
Georgia. He located at Hinesville, and there established an 
incorporated school known as Bradwell Institute. This in 
stitution, in its time, prepared more boys for college than any 
institution in the State. In the year 1878, the University of 
Georgia bestowed upon him the degree of Master of Arts in 
recognition of the service he had rendered the State in prepar¬ 
ing boys for college. While conducting this school, he made 
many friends and had the distinction of having fifty-two of 
the sons of these friends named for him. 

In 1872, he established and edited a weekly newspaper by 
the name of “The Hinesville Gazette,” and continued to pub¬ 
lish this paper until his removal to Atlanta in the year 1891. 

He was always interested in public affairs, and while active 
in politics, sought office at the hands of the people on only 
two occasions in his life. He was defeated for Congress by 
the Hon. Rufus E. Lester; but was immediately elected to the 
Senate of the State as representative of the Second Senatorial 





THE PRESIDENTS 


79 


District. He served as a member of the State Legislature for 
the years 1889 and 1890, which was the first Legislature to sit 
in the present capitol of the State. 

He was a close personal friend of Hon. William J. Northern, 
who became Governor of Georgia in 1891. At that time, the 
position of State School Commissioner was an appointive 
office, and Captain Bradwell was appointed to this position by 
Governor Northern in the year 1891, and held the position until 
the year 1895. 

Captain Bradwell was always interested in the education of 
the masses, and as State School Commissioner, lent his best 
endeavors to the work of improvement of the common schools 
of Georgia. He first introduced the plan of teachers’ institutes, 
and thus laid the foundation for the training of the teachers 
of the State, which the various institutions of the State now 
carry on. As State School Commissioner he found the common 
schools of the State in a chaotic condition; there was no uni¬ 
formity of books, term of schools, or methods of teaching. 
Each county board of education selected the text-books for the 
schools of that county, and the teachers, more often than not, 
were woefully unfit for their work. The pay was so poor, and 
the term of school so short, that no competent teacher could 
afford to teach in the rural schools. 

Captain Bradwell faced this condition with the determina¬ 
tion to co-ordinate the school systems of the State, to develop 
some system of uniformity, and to raise the profession of teach¬ 
ing in the State of Georgia to the dignified position to which it 
was entitled. To this end, he made use of the plan of holding 
teachers’ institutes in the summer time in each county, or by 
having several counties unite in one consolidated institute. He 
then did an unheard of thing; he personally visited each county 
in the State, came in personal contact with county authorities, 
teachers, parents and pupils, and urged the teachers of the 
State to make better preparation for their work, and the par¬ 
ents to send their children to school. 

During his term of office as State School Commissioner, he 
revolutionized the common schools of Georgia. By his persona! 
magnetism, the lovableness of his character and his enthusiasm 
for the work, he encouraged thousands of Georgia’s teachers, 




80 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


taught them to respect their profession and instilled in them 
a desire to better qualify themselves for their work. By his 
own respect for the profession of teaching, he made others 
respect it. Patrons began demanding better schools and more 
efficient teachers, and the common schools of Georgia flourished 
as never before. 

From the idea of the county teachers’ institute and the con¬ 
solidated institute of several counties, it was but a step to the 
State Teachers’ Institute, and in this way Captain Bradwell 
and Governor Northern conceived the idea of a State Normal 
School for Georgia. 64 

Eugene Cunningham Branson 

Eugene Cunningham Branson is the son of a local Methodist 
minister, and was born in Morehead City, N. C., August 6, 1861. 
His father, Levi Branson was a man of limited means and un¬ 
able to give the boy the education that he so much desired. 

Mr. Branson was trained early in life to manual labor and 
soon realized that there were many things that he could do 
for himself. He made money to attend college by pushing 
tram cars, stacking lumber and canting logs at a saw mill in 
Rockingham county, N. C. He attended the Scott and Atkin¬ 
son Military School in Raleigh one year; Trinity College two 
years, 1878-1880; Peabody Normal, Nashville, Tenn., one and 
one-half years, 1882-1884. Mr. Branson received the degree of 
Master of Arts from Trinity College, North Carolina, in 1894, 
and from the Peabody Normal College in 1897, and the Uni¬ 
versity of Georgia conferred the degree of Litt.B. on him in 
1919. 

Mr. Branson accepted the position of Principal of the City 
High School in Raleigh, N. C., in 1880, was made superintendent 
of the Wilson, N. C. graded schools in 1885-1886; and was 
superintendent of the Athens, Ga., City Schools 1887-1892. 
He was elected to the Chair of Psychology and Pedagogy in 
the Georgia Normal and Industrial College, Milledgeville, Ga., 
in 1893, and held this position until 1897, when he was elected 
to the head of the department of Psychology and Pedagogy at 


64 The facts contained in this sketch were furnished by Captain Bradwell’s 
son, Judge J. D. Bradwell, Athens, Georgia. 








THE PRESIDENTS 


81 


the State Normal School. Mr. Branson was made President 
of the State Normal School in 1901 and held this position until 
1912, when he resigned to give his entire time to teaching 
Rural Economics and Sociology in this School. In 1914 how¬ 
ever, he left the State Normal School to become the head of a 
department of Rural Social Science in the University of North 
Carolina. He still holds this position. In 191S a Kenan Pro¬ 
fessorship was conferred upon him by the University of North 
Carolina. 

Mr. Branson is an incessant and tireless worker. Although 
he has been very busy as a teacher, nevertheless he has found 
time to write a number of valuable text-books. He is the 
author of the following texts: Methods of Teaching Arith¬ 
metic, Methods of Teaching Reading and Spelling; he revised 
Page’s Theory and Practice of Teaching. He is editor of the 
Georgia edition of Arnold’s Waymarks for Teachers and the 
Georgia edition of Shaw’s School Hygiene. He is author of 
Branson’s Common School Speller and editor of the first edi¬ 
tion of Johnson’s Readers. In addition, he is the author of 
32 bulletins on Farm Life Conditions in Georgia, North Caro¬ 
lina, and the South in general. 

Mr. Branson is a man of very fine feelings and has a quick, 
analytic mind. He has made a success in life, and yet he is 
very sympathetic with the ignorant and those struggling for 
an existence; and is always grateful to any that happen to do 
him a kindness. 

When he was made President of the State Normal School, 
he planned the course of study so that it would not duplicate 
the academic work done in other institutions in the State, but 
would include the subjects that would be of special value to 
the students preparing to teach in the village and rural schools. 
He believed that a rural school teacher should not only know 
the science of teaching, and something of, the industrial sub¬ 
jects about which the people in the country are vitally con¬ 
cerned, but he thought they should study accurately the con¬ 
ditions that exist in the community in which they are to work. 
“The future of our country,” he says, “must be built upon 
a fundamental belief in the home and the school, as primary 



82 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


agencies in national progress, national sanity, and national 
greatness. ” 

While President of the State Normal School, Mr. Branson 
was able to secure many gifts for the School from individuals; 
and with this money four buildings were erected and fully 
equipped. Many teachers and departments were added to the 
School during his administration, and he did much to bring 
about a more stable student-body; that is to say, through his 
efforts more remained for longer courses in order to secure a 
more thorough preparation for their work. 

While President of this institution, he became interested in 
social and economic conditions and saw that there were evils 
to be remedied and improvements to be made that would lift 
the daily life of the people to a higher plane. He resigned as 
President and set himself to work studying those conditions 
which he was convinced could and should be remedied. The 
Trustees heartily approved this plan and made a special ap¬ 
propriation with which to develop this field. 

He spent two years in developing his department in this 
School, after which he was invited by President Graham to 
transfer his work to the University of North Carolina. Since 
going to North Carolina in 1914, Mr. Branson has filled a real 
and definite need in that State, tie is still teaching, but in all 
probability his additional activities are serving his institution 
and the State in an even larger manner than his class room 
work. The University News Letter and many bulletins are 
issued under his direction, and he knows more about North 
Carolina than any other man in the State. 

Mr. Branson married Miss Lottie Lanier, of West Point, Ga., 
September 27, 1888. He is living at Chapel Hill, N .C. 65 

Jere M. Pound 

The fourth President, and the one who is now head of the 
institution is Jere M. Pound. He was born at Liberty Hill, 
Pike county, Georgia, March 23, 1864, and is the son of E. T. 
and Elizabeth Bloodworth Pound. The family is of English 
origin, and has been in Georgia since before the Revolutionary 

65 Many of the facts contained in this sketch were obtained from Men of Mark 
in Georgia—Northern, 1910. v. IV. Also Who’s Who in America (1920-21) was 
consulted. 





THE PRESIDENTS 


83 


War, and the members of this family have lived mostly in 
Hancock, Talbot and Pike counties. 

Mr. Pound received his preparation for college at Gordon 
Institute, and later went to the University of Georgia and 
graduated with an A.B. degree in 1884. He is an honor grad¬ 
uate of this institution and his alma mater in later years con¬ 
ferred on him the degree of LL.D. After leaving the Univer¬ 
sity, he went to Atlanta and studied law for several months, 
with the expectation of making law his profession. However, 
a vacancy developed in the Means’ Boys High School which he 
accepted and held during the years of 1884 and 1885. 

From 1885 to 1887, he was connected with the Fort Valley 
Male and Female High School; in 1887 and 1888 he taught in 
the Edwardsville (Alabama) Academy. In 1888 he was elected 
President of Gordon Institute, in which only a few years before 
he had been a student, and he held the presidency for nine 
years. In 1897 Mr. Pound was made director of the Normal 
Department of the Georgia Normal and Industrial School. 

Mr. Pound was recalled to the presidency of Gordon Insti¬ 
tute, and remained there this time, for three years. In, 1901 
he was made superintendent of the Schools of Macon and Bibb 
county, where he remained for three years. 

He was made superintendent of the East Florida Seminary 
and was here in 1904 and 1905; and in 1905 he again became 
director of the Normal Department of the Georgia Normal 
and Industrial School. He was made State School Commis¬ 
sioner in 1908, and served in this capacity until July 1, 1910, 
when he was induced to resign and again become head of Gor¬ 
don Institute, a position he had already held twice before, cov¬ 
ering a period of twelve years. The Board of Trustees of the 
State Normal School elected him as president of this institution 
in 1912; the position that he now holds. It is a notable fact 
in his career that he has never applied for a position which he 
has held. 

Mr. Pound is a man that reads much and is interested in 
almost all kinds of literature. Out-door life has an especial 
appeal for him; he enjoys hunting, fishing, and all athletic 
sports, and he gets no little pleasure from the study of birds 





84 


HISTORY OP THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


in the fields and woods. He probably knows as much about 
Indian history in the State as any other living Georgian. 

Mr. Pound is interested in church affairs for he has been a 
Trustee of Emory College; a member of the General Con¬ 
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South; Lay Leader 
for the North Georgia Conference, member of the Executive 
Committee of the Laymen’s Missionary Movement; member of 
Minute Men of the Methodist Episcopal Church South and 
also chairman for this organization for the North Georgia 
Conference. 

During the two years of service as State School Commis¬ 
sioner, Mr. Pound did a splendid work. He did much to 
arouse an interest in education throughout the State, for he 
traveled and lectured from one end of Georgia to the other, 
and worked continually for better trained teachers and a 
more efficient training of the youth of the State. He worked 
very hard, but as a result great good was accomplished for the 
cause of education, and almost every forward movement of the 
decade has its roots in the short period of his administration. 
He was the first man appointed on the State Board of Educa¬ 
tion, after the new board was established. 

Since coming to the State Normal School in 1912, Mr. Pound 
has exerted no little influence in raising the ideals of teach¬ 
ing in the State. He believes the business of teaching to be a 
big job and that it should receive the most serious considera¬ 
tion and the best thought of our brightest minds. 

During Mr. Pound’s administration at the State Normal 
School, many improvements have been made about the campus 
and the largest sum that has ever been secured from the 
Legislature for buildings, was obtained only a few years ago. 

Mr. Pound married Miss Ada Murphey of Bamesville, July 
17, 1890, and they have had eight children: Willie Greene, 
Murphey, Jere M., Jr., Merritt, Ida, Aldine, Lucy Floyd and 
Stokely Pound. Mr. Pound’s home is on the campus of the 
State Normal School. 66 


66 Much of the information contained in this sketch was obtained from two 
sources; namely. Men of Mark in Georgia, Vol. VI., Page 94; and Who’s Who 
in America 1920-21. (Page 22-S8. 





APPENDIX 










Appendix A. 

Bibliography 

Bulletin No. 23, United States Bureau of Education. 

Catalogues of the State Normal School, 1895, 1897, 1898, 1899, 
1900, 1901-02, 1903-04, 1905-06, 1906-06, 1907-08, 1908-09, 
1909-10, 1910-11, 1911-12, 1912-13,'1913-14,1914-15,1915-16, 
1917-18, 1918-19, 1920-21, 1921-22 and 1922-23. 

Daughters of the Confederacy, Minutes of the Georgia Division 
1899 to 1905. 

Georgia Laws, 1891, 1893, 1895, 1897, 1899, 1901, 1903, 1904, 
1905, 1906, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 
1919, 1921. 

Hull, A. L., Annals of Athens. 

Hull, A. L., Historical Sketch of the University of Georgia. 

Manual of the University of Georgia, 1890. 

Men of Mark in Georgia, Northern. 

Record of Deeds, Clarke County. 

Report of the Georgia State Normal School, 1892, 1893 and 1894. 

Scrap Book of Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb. 

State Normal School Minutes of the Commission. 

State Normal School Minutes of the Board of Trustees. 

Steps in the Development of the University Summer School, 
Woof ter. 

The Athens Banner. 

The Atlanta Constitution. 

University of Georgia, Minutes of the Board of Trustees. 

Who’s Who in America. 


Appendix B. 

The Commissioners and the Trustees 

The State Normal School was under the control of a Com¬ 
mission from 1891 to 1904. The Commission was abolished in 
1904 and a local Board of Trustees was substituted. 

The Commissioners 
1891-1904 

Baker, W. H., Savannah, Ga. 1892-1898. 

Battle, A. J., Rome, Ga. 1892-1895. 

Boggs, Chancellor William E., Athens, Ga. 1892-1900. 

Bond, G. G., Athens, Ga. 1898-1904. 

Bradwell, S. D., Atlanta, Ga. 1892-1895. 

Evans, Lawton B., Augusta, Ga. 1892-1904. 

Glenn, G. R., Atlanta, Ga. 1895-1903. 

Guinn, R. J., Atlanta, Ga. 1897-1904. 


88 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Hill, Walter B. 1900-1904. 

Mell, G. A., Athens, Ga. 1898-1904. 

Merritt, W. B. 1903-1904. 

Northern, Governor W. J., Atlanta, Ga. 1891-1894. 

The Trustees 
1904-1923 

Bacon, A. O., Macon, Ga. 1911-1913. 

Ballard, N. H., Atlanta, Ga. 1923- 

Barrow, Chancellor D. C., Athens,Ga. 1906- 

Beanchamp, J. C., Williamson, Ga. 1905-1920. 

Blanche, Maj. Joseph A., Cedartown, Ga. 1910-1911. 
Bond, G. G., Athens, Ga. 1905-1910. 

Bondnrant, E. J., Athens, Ga. 1911-1922. 

Bower, B. B., Jr., Bainbridge, Ga. 1911-1914. 

Brand, L. M., Lawrenceville, Ga. 1910- 
Brittain, M. L., Atlanta, Ga. 1911-1922. 

Brown, Governor Joseph M., Atlanta, Ga. 1909-1913. 
Brown, S. B., Albany, Ga. 1910-1921. 

Candler, C. M., Decatur, Ga. 1923- 
Carson, A. A., Columbus, Ga. 1905-1913. 

Cleveland, Judge Loyd, Griffin, Ga. 1914- 
Cobb, Judge Andrew J., Athens, Ga. 1917-1921. 

Collum, J. M., Putnam, Ga. 1905- 
Copeland, E. A., Greensboro, Ga. 1911-1917. 

Council, L. G., Americus, Ga. 1921-1922. 

Crawley, Jerome, Waycross, Ga. .1923- 
Culbreth, T. C. Tarver, Ga. 1917-1918. 

Custer, W. V., Bainbridge, Ga. 1922- 
Daniel, Judge R. T., Macon, Ga. 1914-1915. 

Davis, Joseph S., Albany, Ga. 1905-1910. 

Davison, A. H., Athens, Ga. 1914- 
Davison, R. E., Woodville, Ga. 1905-1911. 

Dorsey, Governor Hugh M., Atlanta, Ga. 1917-1921. 
Evans, Lawton B., Augusta, Ga. 1905-1918. 

Farmer, Mrs. Ira E., Thomson, Ga. 1923- 
Fleming, William H., Augusta, Ga. 1918-1923. 

Greene, A. B., Fort Valley, Ga. 1917-1922. 

Griffith, E. S., Buchanan, Ga. 1911-1923. 

Guinn, R. J., Atlanta, Ga. 1905-1911. 

Hardwick, Governor Thos. W., Atlanta, Ga. 1921-1923. 
Harris, Governor N. E., Atlanta, Ga. 1915-1917. 

Hayes, J. E., Montezuma, Ga. 1914-1922. 

Hayes, Mrs. J. E., Montezuma, Ga. 1922- 

Hill, Chancellor Walter B., Athens, Ga. 1905-1906. 

Hogan, J. M., Agnes, Ga. 1904-1917. 







THE FACULTY 


89 


Johnson, Mrs. Annie Freeman, Rome, Ga. 1923- 
Jones, Frank F., Macon, Ga. 1920- 
Lane, Charles, Helena, Ga. 1905-1914. 

Larsen, W. W., Dublin, Ga. 1915- 
McCall, Mrs. Howard H., Atlanta, Ga. 1922- 
McCord, H. Y., Atlanta, Ga. 1917-1923. 

McWhorter, Hamilton, Athens, Ga. 1911-1917. 

Mell, G. A., Secretary and Treasurer, Athens, Ga. 1904- 
Merritt, W. B., Atlanta, Ga. 1904-1907. 

Miller, B. S., Columbus, Ga. 1913- 
Morris, N. A., Marietta, Ga. 1905-1910. 

Morton, W. J., Athens, Ga. 1904-1918. 

Parks, M. M., Atlanta, Ga. 1923. 

Pound, Jere M., Atlanta, Ga. 1908-1910. 

Rowe, H. J., Athens, Ga. 1905-1923. 

Shackelford, T. J., Athens, Ga. 1910-1916. 

Slaton, Governor J. M., Atlanta, Ga. 1913-1915. 

Smith, Governor Hoke, Atlanta, Ga. 1907-1909. 

Smith, J. R., Atlanta, Ga. 1911-1917. 

Smith, Joseph W. Reidsville, Ga. 1905- 
Stark, Judge W. W., Commerce, Ga. 1917-1923. 

Stark, Mrs. W. W., Commerce, Ga. 1923- 
Stanton, V. L., Waycross, Ga. 1918-1923. 

Tate, F. C., Jasper, Ga. 1905-1910. 

Terrell, Governor J. M., Atlanta, Ga. 1905-1907. 

Walker, Governor Clifford M., Atlanta, Ga. 1923- 
White, Mrs. Julia Ashton, Athens, Ga. 1923- 
Yow, S. B., Lavonia, Ga. 1917- 

Appendix C. 

The Faculty 

The following is a list of persons who have been or are mem¬ 
bers of the faculty of the State Normal School. The position 
or positions held as well as the length of service in the School 
is also given for each individual. 

Abbott, Don Q., Mathematics. 1901-1905. 

Adams, Eleanor, Critic Teacher. 1921- 

Alexander, Carlotta, Teacher in Practice School. 1908-1911. 

Alexander, Mrs. G. A., Expression. 1909- 

Allen, Chloe, Assistant in Elementary Science. 1906-1918. 

Allen, Willette, Kindergarten. Summer sessions. 

Andrews, Edith, Extension Worker. 1917-1918. 

Archer, Frances Randolph, Librarian. 1920- 
Ashmore, Otis, Geography. Summer sessions. 

Bailey, Emily Waff, Assistant in Music. 1912-1922. 

Baird, Bess M., Household Arts. 1914- 



90 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Barrow, David C. Algebra. Summer sessions. 

Benson, Esther, Public School Music. 1922- 

Berry, Martha Sue, Assistant in Physical Education. 1917-1918. 

Boggs, Dr. William E., Psychology. Summer sessions. 

Bond, Frances, Assistant in Music. 1922- 

Bond, G. G., Psychology. Primary Numbers. Summer sessions. 
Bothwell, Mrs. Lula., Housekeeper. 1916-1917. 

Bowie, Ida R., Stenographer and Bookkeeper. 1898-1899. 
Bradwell, S. D., President. 1895-1901. 

Branson, E. C., Pedagogy. President. Rural Economics. 
1897-1914. 

Briggs, Ruth C., Assistant in Household Arts. 1915-1921. 
Broadhurst, Mrs. G. M., nee Kathleen Drake, Assistant in Math¬ 
ematics. Critic Teacher. 1920- 
Broadus, Ila, Trained Nurse. 1910-1916. 

Brown, Peter F., English. 1909- 

Bruce, C. H., Psychology and Pedagogy. 1911-1912. 

Bulloch, Manita, Assistant Oratory. 1922- 
Burleson, Gladys, Assistant in Elementary Science. 1918-1920. 
Callaway, Iris, Critic Teacher. Assistant in Mathematics. 1911- 
Carrier, Mrs. Bruce, Assistant in Music. 1912-1913. 

Center, Augusta Blanchard, Oratory. 1914-1916. 

Chandler, Mrs. Lena, Housekeeper. 1919- 
Charlton, Lucile, Critic Teacher. 1921- 
Clay, Carrie, Assistant in English. 1921- 
Clifford, Nellie M., Critic Teacher. 1914-1915. 

Cobb, Lucile, Assistant Librarian. 1918-1919. 

Colbert, Nellie, Matron. 1908- 

Cook, Annie, Teacher in Practice School. 1906-1911. 

Conyers, Mrs. A. J., Trained Nurse. 1921- 

Creswell, Mary, Teacher in Practice School. 1904-1911. 

Darricott, Addie, Matron. 1899-1901. 

Davis, Lucy L., Model School. 1901-1904. 

Davis, Mamie, Trained Nurse. 1918-1920. 

Davis, Mrs. Mary Lee, Assistant in Music. 1913-1914. 
DeJarnette, Mrs. G. H., English. Summer sessions. 

Dendinger, Mrs. Dee, Trained Nurse. 1919-1921. 

Derry, Jos. T., History. Latin. French. Summer sessions. 
Dolan, Ada Jane, Critic Teacher. 1914-1921. 

Doolittle, Mrs. IT. C., nee P. B. Newton, Registrar. 1909- 
Dowdle, Lois, Extension Worker. 1916-1917. 

Downs, Katie, Critic Teacher. 1921- 
Dumas, W. T., Mathematics. 1920- 
Durando, Daisy, Kindergarten. 1904-1905. 

Dwelle, Mary, Teacher in Practice School. 1906-1908. 

Earnest, D. L., Elementary Science. Summer sessions. 1897- 





THE FACULTY 


91 


Eberhardt, Mrs. Agnes, Music. 1913- 
Elder, Laura, Teacher in Rural Schools. 1913- 
Estees, Eleanor, Critic Teacher. 1920-1921. 

Evans Lawton B., President. Summer sessions. 

Evanson, Clara Mae, Assistant in Household Arts. 1919-1921. 
Fagan, Willie, Secretary of Y. W. C. A. 1911-1913. 

Ford, Gertrude, Physical Culture. 1906-1909. 

Ford, Marjorie, Teacher in Practice School. 1911-1914. 
Fraser, Valeria, Assistant in English. 1895-1904. 

Frierson, Mrs. M. A., Matron. Summer sessions. 

Gibbs, Elise, Teacher in Practice School. 1910-1911. 

Gibbs, Margaret, Assistant Librarian. 1911-1917. 

Golden, Lillie M., Drawing. Summer sessions. 

Goodall, Jessie, Elocution. Summer sessions. 

Goranson, Ebba H., Music. 1915-1917. 

Goss, Agnes, Librarian. 1910-1920. 

Gottlieb, Virginia, Music. 1910-1911. 

Graham, Bothwell, Mathematics. 1895-1901. 

Guill, Edith, Assistant in Physical Education. 1913- 
Hanson, Hannah, Assistant Household Arts. 1921- 
Harden, Claire, Assistant in Music. 1906-1910. 

Hardy, Bessie, Assistant in Music. 1911-1914. 

Harrison, Emily S., Reading and Literature. 1904-1911. 
Hemingway, Louise, Teacher in Practice School. 1911-1912. 
Herron, Katherine, Assistant in Music. 1911-1912. 

Hicks, Irma, Assistant in Household Arts. 1921- 
Hicks, Kate, Assistant Psychology and Pedagogy. Principal 
Practice School. 1910- 

Hill, Parna, Assistant in Household Arts. 1911-1919. 

Hodgson, Roberta, History. 1908- 
Holland, Scott, Assistant Romance Languages. 1922- 
Holliday, Annie Mae, Assistant in Manual Arts. 1918- 
Hollingsworth, Louise, Assistant Librarian. 1920-1921. 
Hollingsworth, T. E., Mathematics. 1907-1920. 

Jacobson, Mrs. C. W., Voice. 1921-1922. 

Jamison, Florence, Trained Nurse. 1916-1918. 

Jones, Emmie, Registrar. Bookkeeper. 1908- 
Jones, Jewell, Assistant in Music. 1909-1910. 

Jordon, Isabella, Assistant in Psychology. 1904-1905. 

Kathan, Maude C., Physical Culture. 1904-1906. 

Kennebrew, Mrs. B. H., Housekeeper. 1913-1919. 

Kirkpatrick, Mrs. M. F., Housekeeper. 1909-1910. 

Kolb, Anne P., Physical Culture. 1910-1912. 

Lambdin, Mrs. Maggie, Matron. 1917- 
Landrum, L. M., Arithmetic. Summer sessions. 

Lane, Mrs. Mary D., Housekeeper. 1901-1909. 




92 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Lane, Omie, Matron. 1905-1911. 

Leibing, Frances, Public School Music. 1917-1922. 

Lewis, Evelyn, Oratory. 1917-1920. 

Linton, Annie, Model School. Assistant and Head Manual 
Arts. 1897- 

Lott, Virginia, Critic Teacher. 1915-1921. 

Lovett, Elizabeth, Assistant Elementary Science. 1921- 
Loyd, Chloe, Assistant in English. 1906-1917. 

Lustrat, J., French. 1904- 
McArthur, Julia, Music. 1913-1915. 

McCulloch, Leona, Extension Worker. 1911-1912. 

Martyn, Ora M., Assistant in English. 1904-1906. 

Mathews, Annie, Assistant in Mathematics. 1911-1913. 
Mathews, Mrs. H. M., Housekeeper. 1910-1913. 

Massey, Annie V., Critic Teacher. 1922- 

Maxwell, Kathleen, Assistant in Household Arts. 1918-1919. 

Meigs, H. H., Domestic Science. 1909-1911. 

Merrill, F. A., Geography. Nature Study. Rural Economics. 
1908-1918. 

Meyer, H. D., History. Rural Education and Economics. 1918- 
‘ 1921. 

Michael, Moina, Secretary Y. W. C. A. Matron. 1914- 
Miller, Annie E., Librarian. 1905-1910. 

Miller, Bessie, Teacher in Practice School. 1908-1911. 

Mitchell, Mamie, Teacher in Rural School. 1908-1911. 

Mitchell, Essie, Teacher in Rural School. 1912-1913. 

Morris, Mrs. Gretchen Gallagher, Violin. 1920- 
Moyer, Ivah, Teacher in Practice School. 1913-1916. 

Newman, Mrs. Huldah, Assistant in Household Arts. 1919-1921. 
Newton, Susie, Geography and History. 1895-1905. 

Orr, Fred J., Manual Arts. 1897-1911. 

Osterman, Mrs. Frank, Critic Teacher. 1920- 
Palmer, Mrs. Josephine, Matron. 1895-1901. 

Parrish, Celeste, Psychology. 1901-1911. 

Patterson, Charlotte, Physical Culture. 1908-1909. 

Philips, Daniel E., Pedagogy. 1895-1896. 

Pound, Jere M., President. 1912- 

Prichard, Alice, Assistant in Pedagogy. 1906-1911. 

Quillian, Dr. D. D., Physician and Sanitary Inspector. 1898. 
Rainwater, Cleo, Critic Teacher. 1920- 
Ramirez, R. W., Spanish. 1921-1922. 

Randall, Edna M. Household Arts. 1911-1918. 

Redd, Jessie, Assistant History. 1909-1913. 

Reeves, Mrs. S. B., Matron. 1901. 

Renfro, Annie May, Teacher in Practice School. 1906-1908. 
Reynolds, Lilly, Extension Worker. 1911-1912. 





THE FACULTY 


93 


Rhodes, Alexander, Agriculture, Dean. Business Manager, 

1901- 

Richards, Bessie M., Stenographer. 1901-1908. 

Richards, M., Assistant Household Arts. 1918-1919. 

Ritchie, H. B., Education. Dean. 1916- 
Robertson, Doris, Assistant Household Arts. 1922- 
Rostand, Louise, Voice. 1922- 

Rozar, Mrs. Josephine, Assistant in English. 1917-1920. 

Sale, Fannie, Assistant Domestic Science. 1906-1909. 

Scoville, Hallie, Critic Teacher. 1919-1921. 

Scoville, Magnolia, Critic Teacher. 1914-1921. 

Scott, Fannie, Registrar. 1912-1915. 

Sell, E. S., Agriculture and Rural Social Science. 1911- 
Shepperson, Mary Clem, Geography. Nature Study. 1905- 
1907. 

Shepperson, Mildred, Practice School. History and Civics. 
1905-1907. 

Sims, Emma Leila, Teacher in Model School. 1901-1902. 

Smith, Bessie, Assistant in Music. 1914-1919. 

Smith, Euler B., English. Summer sessions. 1898-1910. 

Smith, Hattie, Critic Teacher. 1915-1920. 

Smith, Lollie M., Teacher in Practice School. 1904-1911. 
Smith, May, Assistant Elementary Science. 1918-1919. 
Snelling, C. M., Summer sessions. 

Sparks, Inez., Critic Teacher. 1922- 

Sprout, Helen Louise, German. Greek. Latin. 1904- 

Stanage, C. S., Music. 1905-1910. 

Stewart, Rebecca, Assistant Household Arts. 1912-1914. 
Strong, Lura B., Physical Education. 1912- 
Taylor, Jane E., Domestic Arts and Sciences. 1901-1902. 
Thaxton, J. R., Assistant Romance Languages. 1922- 
Thompson, Henrietta, Assistant Household Arts. 1920-1922. 
Thompson, Lillie, Assistant Household Arts. 1922- 
Thrasher, Annie C., Assistant Domestic Arts and Sciences. 
1904-1906. 

Torrey, Mrs. H. G., Matron. 1897-1899. 

Townsend, Maude C., Assistant Manual Arts. 1912-1918. 
Turnbull, Ida L., Assistant Domestic Arts and Sciences. 1901- 
1902. 

Vance, Carolyn, Oratory. 1921- 
Walker, J. Henry, Mathematics. 1905-1907. 

Wardlaw, J. C., Psychology and Pedagogy. 1912-1915. 

Webb Sara M., Assistant Education. 1911- 
Whittenberg, W. V., Assistant Correspondence School. 1910- 
1911. 

Willard, Vera, Assistant Librarian. 1920-1921. 




94 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Wood, Gertrude E., Music. 1911-1913. 

Woods, Mary M., Practice School. Assistant History, Geog¬ 
raphy and Agriculture and Rural Social Science. 1911- 
Wright, Lucy S., Trained Nurse. 1908-1910. 

Young, Elizabeth, Critic Teacher. 1911-1922. 

Young, Ida, Latin. 1897-1918. 

Yow, Mrs. Morris, Voice. 1921-1922. 

Zeigler, May, Assistant Education. 1917- 

Appendix D. 

The Number of Students Enrolled Each Year 

The enrollment of students for the different years at the 
State Normal School is. as follows: 


Year No. 


Year No. 

1892 112 

1893 116 

1894 175 

1895 178 

1896 356 

1897 560 

1898 620 

1899 663 

1900 602 

1901 623 

1902- 03 515 

1903- 04 425 

1904- 05 457 

1905- 06 430 

1906- 07 456 


1907- 08 479 

1908- 09 560 

1909- 10 652 

1910- 11 653 

1911- 12 664 

1912- 13 559 

1913- 14 548 

1914- 15 485 

1915- 16 717 

1916- 17 609 

1917- 18 746 

1918- 19 694 

1919- 20 677 

1920- 21 629 

1921- 22 619 


The total enrollment at the State Normal School from the 
beginning through the year 1921-22 is 15,579. The large en¬ 
rollment in the early years was due to the fact that the school 
year was divided into four terms and many students did not 
stay longer than one term. 

It was not until 1902 that the session of the School began in 
the early fall and ended either the latter part of May or the 
first of June. Before this time the School year began about 
the first of March, and ended about the middle of December 
and included four terms. This explains why the students 
are listed by the calendar year at first and not as two years, 
part of each constituting a school year. 




CHARTER OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


95 


Appendix E. 

Charter of State Normal School 07 

An Act to establish, organize, and maintain a State Normal School 
as a branch to the University, to appropriate money for the same, 
and for other purposes. 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, and it is 
hereby enacted by the authority of the same. That there shall be 
established in connection with the State University and forming one 
of the departments thereof, a State Normal School for the educa¬ 
tion and training of teachers for the common schools of this State. 
Said schools shall be located, equipped, and conducted as hereinafter 
provided. 

Section 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
said school shall be located at Rock College, Athens, Georgia, ani 
for the purposes of said School, said Rock College and the land con¬ 
tiguous thereto, not less than six nor more than ten acres, tendered 
by the Board of Trustees of the University of the State for said 
purposes, and hereby accepted by the State as tendered in the 
resolution of said Board of Trustees reported to this General As¬ 
sembly by the Governor. 

Section 3. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that 
the immediate charge of said School shall be in a Commission to be 
composed of the State School Commissioner and the Chancellor of 
the University for the time being, and three citizens of Georgia ex¬ 
perienced in teaching, to be appointed by the Governor, one for a 
term of two years, one for four years, and one for six years from 
the dates of their appointments, which Commission shall be the 
Local Board of said School. 

Sec. 4. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
said School shall be a part of the University of this State and under 
the control and management of its Board of Trustees, which Board 
shall have authority, from time to time, to prescribe in connection 
with said Commission, such special features, and open such depart¬ 
ments of training and insruction therein, as they shall think the 
progress and advancement of the times require. They shall also 
have authority to ordain and establish such rules and by-laws for 
the regulation of the School and the training and governing of the 
students not inconsistent with this Act, as in their opinion may be 
proper to secure the success of said School. 

Sec. 5. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
the officers of said school shall be a president and such other pro¬ 
fessors, teachers and instructors as may be necessary, in the opinion 
of the Board of Trustees, to carry on the school in accordance with 
the intention of this Act. The Chancellor of the University of Geor- 


67 Georgia Laws. iPage 126, Vol. 1. 1891. 






96 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


gia shall have a general supervision of said School. The officers 
aforesaid shall be elected, and their salaries fixed either directly by 
the Board of Trustees, or through said Commission or Local Board. 

Sec. 6. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
the tuition in said School be free to all white male r ’ 8 students who 
are residents of the State of Georgia. The rates of tuition to others 
who are not residents of this State shall not exceed one hundred 
and fifty ($150.00) per annum. [The Commission fixed this at 
$50.00.] 

Sec. 7. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
the five persons named in the third section of this Act shall be a 
Local Board of Trustees for said School, with perpetual succession 
as herein provided. It shall always be charged with the immediate 
control, supervision and management of said School, subject to the, 
said Board of Trustees of the University. 

Sec. 8. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
all property purchased under the authority of this Act shall be free 
from liens or ineumberances, and title to the sale, as well as any 
donations that may be made to said Commission or Local Board, 
or to the Board of Trustees of the University, for the purposes ot 
said School, shall be taken in the name of the Trustees of the 
University in their corporate capacity, and said property shall be¬ 
come the property of the State of Georgia, and shall not be alienated 
by any one, nor shall any valid lien be created thereon, either by 
the erection of any building thereon, nor by the act of any person, 
nor by the operation of law. 

Sec. 9. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
the said Commission or Local Board shall serve without compensa¬ 
tion, except that their actual expenses, while they are away from 
their several places of residence attending to the duties of said 
Commission shall be paid by the warrant of the Governor drawn 
upon the Treasurer. 

Sec. 10. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
all male 69 students, residents of this State, entering this School, 
shall sign an obligation in writing to teach, within the next five 
years after their leaving said School, such a length of time in the 
common schools of this State as they spend as students of said 
Normal School. To said students in said Normal School may be 
granted by the Faculty of said School and the Chancellor of the 
University certificates of proficiency, stating in general terms what 
branches of education the students have been prepared to teach, 
which certificates shall authorize the holders thereof to teach in 
the common schools of this State without further examination ac- 


68 The word “male” was stricken from the charter by an Act of Legislature 
in 1893. Georgia Laws. 1893. Page 63. 

69 The word “male” was stricken from the charter by an Act of Legislature 
in 1S93. Georgia Laws, 1893. Page 63. 






STATE NORMAL SCHOOL ACT AMENDED 


97 


cording to the grades specified in their certificates, and such diplo¬ 
mas to graduates as may be prescribed by said Board of Trustees. 

Appendix F. 

State Normal School Act Establishing’ Amended 70 

An Act to amend an Act to establish, organize, and maintain a 
State Normal School as a branch of the University, to appropriate 
money for the same, and for other purposes. 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, and it is here¬ 
by enacted by the authority of the same, That section 3 of said 
Act be and the same is hereby amended by striking from the second 
line of said Act the words, “a Commission to be composed of the 
State School Commissioner and the Chancellor of the University 
for the time being, and three citizens of Georgia, experienced in 
teaching, to be appointed by the Governor, one for a term of two 
years, one for four years, and one for six years from the dates of 
their appointments, which Commission shall be the local Board of 
said School,” and inserting in lieu thereof as follows: “A local Board 
of Trustees to be composed of one Trustee from each Congressional 
District in this State and two from the City of Athens, and two from 
the State at large to be appointed by the Governor, four of whom, 
shall be appointed for the term of two years, and four for four years 
and five for six years, and two Trustees from the State at large to 
be appointed for a term of six years from the dates of their ap¬ 
pointments, who, together with the Governor, the State School Com¬ 
missioner, and the Chancellor of the University (who are hereby 
made ex-officio members of said Board), shall constitute the local 
Board of said School; that the local Trustees appointed from the 
City of Athens, together with the State School Commissioner, shall 
constitute a prudential committee, of which the State School Com¬ 
missioner shall be chairman, with such powers and duties as may 
be conferred by said Board of Trustees. So that said section when 
'amended shall read as follows: “Section 3. Be it further enacted 
by the authority aforesaid, that the immediate charge of said School 
shall be in the local Board of Trustees to be composed of one 
Trustee from each Congressional District in this State, and two 
from the City of Athens, and two Trustees from the State at large to 
be appointed by the Governor, four of whom shall be appointed for 
the term of two years, and four for four years, and five for six 
years, and the two Trustees at large to be appointed for a term of 
six years from the dates of their appointments, who, together with 
the Governor, the State School Commissioner, and the Chancellor 
of the University for the time being (who are hereby made ex- 
officio members of this Board), shall constitute the local Board of 
said School; that the local Trustees appointed from the City of 


70 Georgia Laws, 1904. Tage 86. 






98 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Athens, together with the State School Commissioner, shall con¬ 
stitute a prudential committee of which the State School Commis¬ 
sioner shall be chairman, with such powers and duties as may be 
conferred by the said Board oL Trustees.” 

Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
section 4 of said Act be and the same is hereby amended by strik¬ 
ing from the fifth line of said section the word, “Commission,” and 
inserting in lieu thereof the words, “local Board of Trustees,” so 
that said section when amended shall read as follows: “Section 4. 
Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That said School 
shall be a part of the University of this State, and under the con¬ 
trol and management of its Board of Trustees, which Board shall 
have authority from time to time, in connection with said local 
Board of Trustees, such special features and open such departments 
of training and instruction therein as they shall think the progress 
and advancement of the times require. They shall also have au¬ 
thority to ordain and establish such rules and by-laws for th(^ 
regulation of the School and the training and governing of the 
students, not inconsistent with this Act, as in their opinion may bq 
proper to secure the success of said School.” 

iSec. 3. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
section 5 of said Act be amended by striking from the eighth line 
thereof the words, “Commission or,” so that when amended said 
section shall read as follows: “Section 5. Be it further enacted 
by the authority aforesaid, That the officers of said School shall be 
a president and such other professors, teachers and instructors as 
may be necessary, in the opinion of the Board of Trustees to carry 
on the School in accordance with the intention of this Act. The 
Chancellor of the University of Georgia shall have a general super¬ 
vision of said School. The officers aforesaid shall be elected, and 
their salaries fixed, either directly by the Board of Trustees or 
through said local Board.” 

Sec. 4. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
section 7 of this Act be, and the same is hereby repealed, and in. 
lieu thereof shall be substituted as follows: “Section 7. Be it 
further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all vacancies oc¬ 
curring in said local Board of Trustees for the said School on ac¬ 
count of death, resignation, expiration of term or otherwise, shall 
be filled by the Governor for the full term of six years, and that said 
local Board of Trustees shall always be charged with the immediate 
control, supervision, and management of said School, subject to said 
Board of Trustees of the University of Georgia.” 

Sec. 5. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
section 8 of said Act be, and the same is hereby amended by strik¬ 
ing from the fourth line thereof the words, “Commission or,” so 
that said section when so amended shall read as follows: “Section 






EXTRACTS FROM THE WILL OF GEORGE R. GILMER 9 9 


8. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all prop¬ 
erty purchased under the authority of this Act shall be free from 
liens or incumbrances, and the title to the same, as well as any 
donations that may be made to said local Board, or the Trustees of 
the University, for the purposes of said School, shall be taken in 
the name of the Trustees of the University in their corporate ca¬ 
pacity, and said property shall become the property of the State of 
Georgia, and shall not be alienated by any one, nor shall any valid 
lien be created thereon, either by the erection of any buildings 
thereon, nor by the act of any person, nor by the operation of law.” 

Sec. 6. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
section 9 of said Act shall be so amended by striking from the sec¬ 
ond line thereof the words, “Commission or,” and also by striking 
from the fourth and fifth lines thereof the words “Commission,” 
and inserting in lieu thereof the words, “Local Board,” so that 
said section shall read as follows: “Section 9. Be it further en¬ 
acted by the authority aforesaid, That the said local Board shall 
serve without compensation, except that their actual expenses while 
they are away from their several places of residence attending to the 
duties of said local Board shall be paid.” 

Sec. 7. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That 
all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with this Act be, and the 
same are, hereby repealed. 

Approved August 15, 1904. 

Appendix G. 

Extracts From the Will of George R. Gilmer 71 

All property not disposed of by the above clause in the will, to- 
wit, my lands, houses and lots in Lexington, and all notes and bonds 
which belong to me, I give and devise to form a perpetual fund 
for educating teachers of reading, writing and arithmetic, or to 
otherwise increase the qualifications of the school masters of Geor¬ 
gia for properly instructing the children of the State. 

I hereby, for this purpose, commit the disposal of the annual 
proceeds from said fund in trust to my friends Asbury Hull, Lewis 
J. Dupree, Benjamin F. Hardeman, Adam Alexander, Robert Toombs 
and Alexander H. Stephens. 

My desire is, that upon the death of my wife, the said Trustees 
will proceed to convert said notes, bonds, lands, houses and lots, 
into money, giving due indulgence to the makers of said bonds, 
notes and their securities, and to place the money so collected in 
the Treasury of the State of Georgia, not doubting but that the 
Legislature will provide by law that a sum equal to interest which 
would be derived from said money at lawful per cent, be paid an- 

71 Manual of the University of Georgia, 1890. Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Atlanta. 
Page 65. 






100 


HISTORY OP THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


nually to said Trustees, and make said Trustees a body corporate, 
they and their successors in office, and the said Trustees and those 
they may choose to fill such vacancies as may happen, will make 
such rules as may, provide in the best way for the perpetual dis¬ 
tribution annually of the interest arising from said sum for the 
purpose expressed already. 

In 1890 the Gilmer Fund was divided among the Branch Colleges, 
in “proportion to the number of pupils being taught in each for the 
purpose of being prepared to become teachers of reading, writing, 
and arithmetic, as provided in the will of Governor Gilmer, and who 
intended to become teachers.” 72 


The Gilmer Fund 75 


To the Trustees of the University of Georgia: 

The undersigned, the Trustees of the fund known as “The Gilmer 
Fund,” about $15,000.00 in amount, created by the will of the 
late George R. Gilmer, of the county of Oglethorpe, a copy of which 
is hereto annexed, which fund is invested in Georgia State Bonds, 
propose to the Trustees of the University of Georgia the following 
scheme of disposal of the same. 

First. That the Trustees of the said University shall, in proper 
form, agree to receive said fund from the undersigned and authorize 
their Treasurer to receipt for the same, and agree also to invest said 
fund when received, as soon as practical, in accordance with the Act 
of September 30th, 1881. 

Second. That the Fund and interest, thereof shall be held and 
applied by them in accordance with the will of the said George R. 
Gilmer. 

Third. That if it become impossible to reinvest in a State se¬ 
curity similar to the one provided for in the Act of September 30th, 
18 81, at the expiration of the fifty years provided for in said act, 
then said Trustees shall reinvest as other funds of the State Uni¬ 
versity may be invested, but always to be kept as a separate and 
distinct fund, to be used and applied in accordance with the will of 
said George R. Gilmer. 

Fourth. That the trustees of the Gilmer Fund shall at any and 
all times be allowed to inquire into the situation and disposal of the 
same by the Trustees of the University of Georgia, and enforce, 
according to law, the observance of said will and this agreement 

Fifth. That the Secretary of the Board of Trustees of the Uni¬ 
versity of Georgia shall furnish to the Trustees of the Gilmer Fund, 


72 Manual of the University of Georgia, 1890 
Page 65. 

73 Manual of the University of Georgia 1890 
Page 64. 


Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Atlanta. 
Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Atlanta. 





BENEFACTORS TO THE SCHOLARSHIP FUND 


101 


a copy of the proceedings of the Trustees of the University of Geor¬ 
gia in relation to this agreement: 

August 14, 1884. 

ROBERT TOOMBS, 

W. P. PRICE, 

ALEX. S. ERWIN, 

A. L. MILLER, 

W. M. REESE, 
h. d. McDaniel. 

It was accepted by the Trustees, August 14, 1884. 

Appendix H. 

Benefactors of the Scholarship Fund 

1902-1903 

Alexander, W. F._ 50.00 

Alexander, W. F., Augusta, Ga., See. Orphan Asylum._ 100.85 

Anderson, T. T., Oxford, Ga._ 5.00 

Athens Banner, Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Atkinson, Mrs. H. M., Atlanta, Ga._ 500.00 

Atlanta City Federation of Clubs, Mrs. B. Wolf, Treas. _ 50.00 

Atlanta Women’s Clubs, from Mrs. E. T. Brown, given 

by Clarke Howell __ 50.00 

Baptist Home Mission School_ 50.00 

Bernd, Miss Florence, Macon, Ga._ 50.00 

Binns, Dr. A. B., Columbus, Ga._ 50.00 

Bondurant, E. J., Athens, Ga._ 100.00 

Boswell, J. V., Penfield, Ga._ 5.00 

Bowen, J. J., Dublin, Ga._ 5.00 

Brown, Mrs. Ed., Atlanta, Ga._ 50.00 

Brown, Mrs. T. J., McDonough, Ga._ 50.00 

Bryan, W. T., Athens, Ga.___ 40.00 

Carswell, T. J., Hepzibah, Ga._ 50.00 

Carswell, T. J., Adrien; J. F. Carswell, Spread, Ga., 

and W. K. Carswell, Stapleton, Ga._ 130.00 

Clack, J. J., Pennington, Ga.- 100.00 

Columbus Students Club, Mrs. W. T. Pool, Treas.- 50.00 

Crawford, Mrs. P. F., Appling, Ga,- 120.00 

Deadwyler, Mrs. A. E., Elberton, Ga.- 50.00 

DuBose, Toombs, Athens, Ga.- 40.00 

Duggan, M. L., Sparta, Ga.- 50.00 

Dunn, Miss Annie V., Columbus, Ga. - 6.00 

Earnest, D. L., Dormitory Manager- 1,844.70 

Edge, M. T., Buena Vista, Ga.- 50.00 

Edwards, L. F., Athens, Ga.- 50.00 

Epps and Wilkins, Athens, Ga.- 50.00 






























102 HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Fleming, Jas. L., Augusta, Ga._ 145.00 

Fleming, Will, Athens, Ga. _ 50.00 

Floyd, W. L., Logansville, Ga._ 50.00 

Fockner, Henry, Summit, N. J._ 100.00 

Georgia Women’s Press Club, Atlanta, Ga._ 100.00 

Green, T. M., Washington, Ga. _ 50.00 

Griffith, C. B., Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Gude, Mrs. A. V., Atlanta, Ga._ 100.00 

Jackson, W. B., Athens, Ga- 21.00 

Jenkins, W. E., Memphis, Tenn._ 50.00 

Johnson, Miss Jodie, Columbus, Ga._ 100.00 

Johnson, Mrs. R. H., Atlanta, Ga._ 43.0Q 

Joiner, J. W., Dublin, Ga. _ 5.00 

Jones, Rev. Sam P., Cartersville, Ga._ 50.00 

Jones, Mrs. W. E., Waynesboro, Ga._ 50.00 

Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society, Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Launius, Mrs. A. E., Crawford, Ga._ 50.00 

Lichtenstein, Mrs. S. IL, Adrian, Ga._ 50.00 

Linder, E. V., Octagon, Ga._ 50.00 

Lowndes County School, G. V. Cunningham, Lake 

Park, Ga. _ 25.00 

Macon Teacher’s School, Macon, Ga._ 39.00 

Mallory, E. Y., Macon, Ga._ 50.00 

Mathews, Dr. J. C., Griffin, Ga._ 50.00 

Methodist Home Missionary Society, Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Morton, Mrs. R. E., Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Morton, W. H., Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Nash, R. S., Atlanta, Ga._ 100.00 

Neal, Judge McCormick, Atlanta, Ga. _ 50.00 

Newton, C. H., Athens, Ga._ 5.00 

Newton, T. C., Patent Office, Washington, D. C._ 50.00 

Ogden, Robert C., New York, N. Y._ 50.00 

Pope, H. V., Washington, Ga.__ 50.00 

Pope, Mrs., Athens, Ga. _ 35.00 

Presbyterian Ladies’ Missionary Society, Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Reed, Miss N. C., Eatonton, Ga._ 50.00 

Scarboro, L. A., Columbus, Ga._ 50.00 

Smith, Hoke, Atlanta, Ga._ 75.00 

Smith, James M., Smithonia, Ga._ 50.00 

State Normal School 

The Faculty_ 152.00 

The Classes _ 182.01 

Summer School, Methods Class_ 50.00 

Stephens, Lucile, School_ 10.00 

Steward, Thos. D., Atlanta, Ga. _ 50.00 

Summers, Mrs. J .W., Newnan, Ga._ 50.00 














































BENEFACTORS TO THE SCHOLARSHIP FUND 


103 


Talmadge Hardware Co., Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Taylor, F. H., Luke, Ga._ 50.00 

Taylor, Miss Jane E., Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Thomas, Mrs. Geo. A., Sparta, Ga._ 50.00 

Touchton, Lake Park, Ga._ 35.00 

Turner and Hodgson, Athens, Ga,_ 43.75 

Vason, Miss Alberta, Dexter, Ga._ 10.00 

Villard, Mrs. Fannie J., Dobbs Ferry, N. Y._ 50.00 

Villard, Mrs. Henry, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y._ 50.00 

Villard, Oswald Garrison, Editor N. Y. Post_ 200.00 

Washington County Scholarship, J. N. Rogers, Sanders- 

ville, Ga. _ 50.00 

Wickham, Fred L., Apalachicola, Fla._ 65.00 

Wilkes County Scholarship, T. E. Hollingsworth, Wash¬ 
ington, Ga. _ 50.00 

White, P>. N., Danielsville Ga._ 50.00 

Woodward, J. A., Jenkinsburg, Ga._ 50.00 

Young, Miss Lula, Augusta, Ga._ 50.00 

1903-1904 
First District 

Mrs. W. E. Jones, Burke County_$ 150.00 

Savannah U. D. C., Chatham County_ 100.00 

Mrs. L. H. Lichtenstein, Emanuel County_ 100.00 

T. J. Carswell and Bro., Emanuel County_ 180.00 

T. E. Scott, Emanuel County_ 25.00 

Mrs. E. V. Linder, McIntosh County_ 185.00 

J. H. Daniel, Jr., Screven Countv__ 50.00 


Total for the District_$ 790.00 

Amount paid students from the District-$2,260.00 

Second District 

Miss Jennie Henderson, Berrien County-$ 50.00 

Miss Sara Harley, Thomas County- 85.00 

F. L. Rainey, Terrell County- 25.00 


Total for the District_$ 160.00 

Amount paid students from the District-$1,437.50 

Third District 

Miss Sallie Gus Chambless, Stewart County-$ 35.00 

B. S. Fitzpatrick, Twiggs County- 100.00 

S. R. Stevens, Webster County- 50.00 

D. W. Taylor, Wilcox County--- 100.00 


Total for the District-$ 285.00 

Amount paid students from the District-$1,660.00 












































104 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Fourth District 

F. A. Leathers, Carroll County-$ 50.00 

R. S. Eggleston, Carroll County_ 50.00 

Mrs. J. W. Summers, Coweta County_ 50.00 

J. F. Hunter, Coweta County_ 100.00 

J. C. McCoy, Coweta County_ 50.00 

G. W. Clower, Coweta County_ 13.50 

M. T. Edge, Marion County___ 50.00 

L. A. Scarboro, Muscogee County_ 100.00 

Dr. A. B. Binns, Muscogee County_ 100.00 

Miss Jodie Johnson, Muscogee County- 150.90 

Columbus Students Club, Muscogee County- 100.00 

Miss Corine Davidson, Troupe County_ 50.00 


i 

Total for the District _$ 863.50 

Amount paid students from the District---$4,641.75 

Fifth District 

Miss Mary Glenn, DeKalb County_$ 50 00 

Miss May Miller, DeKalb County_ 100.00 

Women’s Clubs, Fulton County ___ 350.00 

R. S. Nash, Fulton County_ 100.00 

Judge McCormick Neal. Fulton County_ 50.00 

Mrs. H. M. Atkinson, Fulton County___ 1.000.00 

Georgia Women’s Press Club, Fulton County__ 100.00 

T. D. Stewart, Fulton County__ 50.00 

Hoke Smith, Fulton County _ 81.25 

Mrs. R. H. Johnson, Fulton County_ 43.00 

W. B. Merritt, Fulton County__ 50.00 

Miss Lueile Stephens, Fulton County_ 50.00 

S. E. Morgan, Fulton County__ 25.00 

Mrs. Ida Huff, Fulton County . __ 25.00 

Mrs. Wm. King, Fulton County_ 50.00 

H. B. Johnson. Fulton County_ 50.00 

W. L. Floyd, Walton County_ 25.00 


Total for the District_$2,024.25 

Amount paid students from the District_$3,000.00 

Sixth District 

Miss Sara Ward, Butts County_$ 75.00 

Macon Public School Teachers, Bibb County_ 39.00 

E. Y. Mallory, Bibb County_ 100.00 

Miss Florence Bernd, Bibb County_ 100.00 

Mrs. T. J. Brown, Henry County_ 100.00 

J. A. Woodward, Henry County _ 100.00 









































BENEFACTORS TO THE SCHOLARSHIP FUND 


105 


0. E. Ham, Henry County_ 120.00 

J. R. VanBuren Jones County_ 100.00 

W. D. Upshaw, Monroe County _ 5.00 

Dr. J. C. Mathews, Spalding County_ 50.00 


Total for the District_$ 889.00 

Amount paid students from the District_$ 818.25 

Seventh District 

Rev. Sam P. Jones, Bartow County_$ 93.25 

T. H. Hitchcock, Paulding County_ 50.00 

T. A. Leathers, Paulding County_ 50.00 


Total for the District _$ 193.25 

Amount paid students from the District_$ 818.25 

Eighth District 

The Athens Banner, Clarke County_$ 50.00 

Will Fleming, Clarke County _ 100.00 

E. J. Bondurant, Clarke County_ 150.00 

W. T. Bryan, Clarke County _ 150.00 

Toombs DuBose, Clarke County_ 50.00 

Talmadge Hardware Co., Clarke County_ 100.00 

Epps-Wilkins Co., Clarke County _ 50.00 

W. H. Morton, Clarke County_ 100.00 

Methodist Home Missionary Society, Clarke County_ 100.00 

S. N. S. Summer School, Clarke County- 50.00 

S. N. S. Faculty, Clarke County- 50.00 

Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society, Clarke County __ 50.00 

L. F. Edwards, Clarke County- 150.00 

C. B. Griffith, Clarke County- 50.00 

Miss J. E. Taylor, Clarke County- 100.00 

Class of Students at the School, Clarke County- 171.20 

Presbyterian Ladies Society, Clarke County- 100.00 

W. B. Jackson, Clarke County- 225.00 

Miss Lula Thornton, Clarke County- 100.00 

W. R. Tuck, Clarke County- 100.00 

Mrs. W. H. Dean, Clarke County - 35.00 

Class of Students at the School, Clarke County- 74.89 

A. H. Hodgson, Clarke County- 50.00 

Athens Elks, Clarke County- 100.50 

F. D. Tuck, Clarke County- 35.00 

Baptist Y. L. Missionary Society, Clarke County- 100.00 

W. W. Thomas, Clarke County-- 90.00 

Athens Savings Bank, Clarke County- 100.00 

Turner and Hodgson; Clarke County- 200.00 











































106 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Mrs. A. E. Deadwyler, Elbert County_ 50.00 

Miss Lula Moore, Greene County_ 6.00 

Mrs. Amanda McMullen, Hart County_ 100.00 

R. N. White, Madison County__ 150.00 

R. F. White, Madison County_ 100.00 

Miss Maude Boggs, Madison County_ 25.00 

Miss Bertha Stephens, Madison County_ 25.00 

J. J. Clack, Morgan County_ 300.00 

Rev. W. S. McCarthy, Morgan County_ 100.00 

Mrs. Martha F. Harris, Oconee County_ 50.00 

Mrs. J. S. Boynton, Oconee County_ 85.00 

J. M. Smith, Oglethorpe County_ 50.00 

Mrs. A. E. Launius, Oglethorpe County_ 100.00 

Mrs. N. C. Reid, Putnam County_ 50.00 

T. M. Green, Wilkes County_ 150.00 

Miss Maude Barrett, Wilkes County_ 50.00 

H. V. Pope, Wilkes County_ 150.00 

J. A. Moss, Wilkes County_ 100.00 

T. C. Ward, Wilkes County_ 50.0Q 


Total for the District_$5,232.59 

Amount paid students from the District_$8,055.00 

Ninth District 

Miss Jessie Norris, Habersham County_$ 50.0Q 


Total for the District_$ 50.00 

Amount paid students from the District_$1,425.00 

Tenth District 

Miss P. F. Crawford, Columbia County_$ 220.00 

M. L. Duggan, Hancock County_ 150.00 

J. M. Archer, Hancock County_ 150.00 

F. G. Thomas, Hancock County__ 50.00 

Miss Mary Battle, Jefferson County_ 50.00 

W. C. Hauser, Jefferson County_ 100.0Q 

Miss Jessie Hauser, Jefferson County __ 25.00 

Miss Alice Brinkley, McDuffie County_ 50.00 

Miss Sadie Johnson, Jefferson County_ 50.00 

J. L. Fleming, Richmond County_ 335.00 

W. F. Alexander, Richmond County_ 512.10 

Miss Loula Young, Richmond County_ 50.00 

T. J. Carswell, Richmond County_ 50.00 

Miss Bessie Holt, Richmond County_ 50.00 

Miss Isabelle Jordon, Richmond County_ 25.00 
















































BENEFACTORS TO THE SCHOLARSHIP FUND 


107 


Miss Alma DeMore, Richmond County_ 25.00 

Jno. M. Rogers, Washington County_ 50.00 


Total for the District_$1,942.10 

Amount paid students from the District_$3,320.00 

Eleventh District 

Mrs. M. H. Montgomery, Glynn County_$ 50.00 

N. H. Ballard, Glynn County_ 50.00 

Miss Mamie N. Ross, Glynn County_ 50.00 

Miss Emma Perry, Laurens County_ 35.00 

J. W. Joiner, Laurens County_ 5.00 

Miss Alberta Vason, Laurens County_ 10.00 

Mrs. H. B. Summers, Laurens County_ 150.00 

W. S. West, Lowndes County_ 50.00 


Total for the District_$ 400.00 

Amount paid students from the District_$1,640.00 

Miscellaneous Subscriptions 

Oswald Garrison Villard, New York_$ 200.00 

T. C. Newton, Washington, D. C._ 50.00 

Henry Fockner, Summit, N. J._ 100.00 

Mrs. Henry Villard, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y._ 50.00 

Dormitory Manager, D. L. Earnest_ 1,994.40 

Fred L. Wickam, Apalachicola, Fla._ 65.00 

Robert C. Ogden, New York_ 50.00 

W. E. Jenkins, Memphis, Tenn_ 50.00 

Mrs. Fannie J. Villard, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y._ 50.00 

1904-1905 

Augusta Orphans Home, J. L. Fleming, Pres._$ 101.25 

Alexander, Wm. Felix_ 50.00 

Atlanta Women’s Press Club_ 50.00 

Athens Savings Bank _ 50.00 

Atlanta Federation of Clubs_ 50.00 

Ballard, N. H., Brunswick, Ga._ 50.00 

Bernd, Florence, Macon, Ga._ 45.00 

Brinkley, Mrs. T. A., Thomson, Ga._ 50.00 

Clack, j. J., Atlanta, Ga._ 100.00 

Clark, Mrs. Lilia J., Cass Station, Ga._ 50.00 

Crawford, Miss P. F., Appling, Ga.- 50.00 

DeMore, Alma, Augusta, Ga._ 25.00 

Duggan, M. L., Sparta, Ga._ 50.00 

Edwards, L. F., Athens, Ga.- 50.00 

Egleston, Col. R. S., Mt. Zion, Ga.- 50.00 












































108 


HISTORY OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 


Fleming, Jas. L._ 50.00 

Greene, T. M., Washington, Ga._ 50.00 

Hancock County Scholarship_ 50.00 

Harvey, Sara, Thomasville, Ga._ 85.0Q 

Hauser, W. C., Wadley, Ga._ 50.00 

Hodgson, Asbury, Athens, Ga._ 50.00 

Hunter, J. A. ,Newnan, Ga._ 50.00 

Johnson, Jodie, Columbus, Ga._ 50.00 

Johnson, H. B., Atlanta, Ga._ 50.00 

Jones, Mrs. W. E., Waynesboro, Ga._ 50.00 

Lichtenstein, Mrs. S. H., Adrian, Ga._ 50.00 

Linder, Mrs. E. V., Oetogan, Ga._ 50.00 

Moss, J. A., Tignall, Ga._ 50.00 

McCarty, W. S., Madison, Ga._-_ 50.00 

McMullen, Mrs. Amanda, Hartwell, Ga._ 50.00 

Newton, Thos. C., Washington, D. C._ 85.00 

Norris, Jessie, Toccoa, Ga. _ 50.00 

Pioneer LI. & L. Co., Julius Cohen, Athens, Ga._ 200.00 

Pope, H. B., Washington, Ga._ 50.00 

Ross, Mamie L., Brunswick, Ga._ 50.00 

Ruff, Ida, Atlanta, Ga._ 50.00 

Savannah Chapter U. D. C., Savannah, Ga._ 100.00 

Students Club, Columbus, Ga. _ 50.00 

Summers, Mrs. H. B., Dublin, Ga._ 100.00 

Twiggs County, B. S. Fitzpatrick _ 50.00 

VanBuren, J. R., Atlanta, Ga._ 50.00 

Villard, Mrs. Fannie, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y._ 50.00 

Villard, Oswald Garrison, New York City_ 50.00 

Ward, Sarah, Cork, Ga._ 50.00 

Ward, T. C., Washington, Ga._ 50.00 

White, B. N. _ 50.00 

White, I. F., Danielsville, Ga. _ 50.00 

Wilcox County_ 25.00 

Woodward, J. A., Locust Grove, Ga._ 100.00 

Yoston Fund, Miss Mary Hogan, New York City_ 50.00 
















































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Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: May 2011 

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